കേരളത്തിലെ പാരിസ്ഥിതിക ചലനങ്ങള്‍

 

tIcf¯nse ]mcnØnXnI Ne\§Ä

tUm. kt´mjv IpamÀ hÅn-¡mSv

AknÌâv s{]m^ÊÀ

aebmf hn`mKw

F³.Fkv.Fkv. tImtfPv at©cn

 

 

a\pjy³ B[nhkn¡p¶ `qan¡pw Ahsâ \ne\nev]n\m[mcamb hmbp, Pew XpS§nbhbv¡pw B[p\nI ]cnjvIIrXn aqeap­­mIp¶ Øqehpw kq£vahpamb BLmX§fmWv Fgp]XpIfnse ]cnØnXn t_m[¯n\pw ]cnØnXn {]Øm\¯n\pw ]ndhn \evInbXv. ]gb kwkvImcw {]mtZinIamsW¦nÂ, B[p\nI kwkvImcw XnI¨pw BtKmfamWv. ]gb ]cnjvImc§Ä Iptdsbms¡ \n¶ \nebv¡v \n¡p¶hbmbncp¶p. amä¯nt\mSv AXn\v henb Xmev]cyw CÃmbncp¶p. B[p\nI ]cnjvImcw amä¯n\mWv {]m[m\yw sImSp¡p¶Xv. Cu amäs¯ ]ptcmKXnsb¶pw Ncn{Xsa¶pw ]dbp¶p.

`qanbpsSbpw PohPme§fpsSbpw \ne\nÂ]n\v ]cnØnXn t_m[w IqSntb Xocq. `qan a\pjytâXp am{XamsW¶pw asäÃm PohPme§fpw a\pjysâ kpJ¯n\v D]bpàamsW¶papÅ ]cnjvIrX Nn´bvs¡XnscbmWv ]cnØnXn t_m[w DSseSp¡p¶Xv. {]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pw X½nepÅ ]mckv]cyamWv ]cnØnXn t_m[¯nsâ s]mcpÄ.

{]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pambpÅ ]mckv]cy¯n\v a\pjyNcn{Xt¯mfw Xs¶ ]g¡ap­v. {]m[m\yhpap­v. F¶m Hcp a\pjysâ hnIehpw ZoÀLZÀi\ clnXhpamb hnIk\ {]hÀ¯\§Ä Cu ]cky¯n\v ]et¸mgpw `ojWnbmhp¶p. {]IrXnsb sXm«dnªp Pohn¨ a\pjy³. D]t`mK XrjvWbv¡v hnt[bambn klPoh\¯n \n¶v AI¶p t]mbncn¡p¶p. ChnsSbmWv ]cnØnXn {]XnkÔnIÄ Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. \mw \n\n¡p\\ CSamWv ]cnØnXn F¶Xn\m FÃm ]cnØnXn {]iv\§fpw \½psS \ne\n¸ns\bpw _m[n¡p¶p.

{]IrXym\pkmcnbmb Hcp kwkvImcw `qanbpsS kpØncXbv¡v ]pd¯nd¡nb AXym´mt]£nXamWv. a\pjysâ \ne\n¸v F¶pw {]IrXnbpambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶Xn\m `qanbpsS kpØncX \ne\nÀ¯p¶Xn a\pjysâ ]¦v \nÀWmbIamWv. `qanbpsS \miw a\pjyhÀK¯nsâbpw \miamsW¶v Xncn¨dnhn \n¶mWv ]mcnØnXnI t_m[w ]nd¶Xv. Cu {]]©¯nse kIe PohPme§Ä¡pw IqSnbpÅXmWv Cu `qansb¶pw, a\pjysâ kzImcy kz¯Ã ChnSw F¶papÅ Xncn¨dnhv BtKmf hym]Iamb Hcp kao]\ hyXnbm\w {]IrXnþa\pjy _Ô¯nep­m¡n. \mw t\cnSp¶ ]e ]mcnØnXnI {]iv\§fpw `qanbpsS am{Xaà kIe NcmNc§fpsSbpw \ne\n¸ns\ _m[n¡pw F¶ Xncn¨dnhv temI¯n\p \ÂIm³ ]cnØnXn Nn´IÄ¡v Ignªp.

Ccp]Xmw \qäm­nsâ Ahkm\s¯ aq¶v ZiI§fn ]cnØnXnhmZw cm{ãob ZÀi\¯nsâ {][m\ `mKambn amdn. ]cnØnXn Nn´IÄ kmlnXy¯n Hcp ]pXnb kuµcy imkv{XtaJebv¡v hgnXpd¶p. {]IrXnbpsS Zpc´w temI¯n\p ap¼n BZyambn Nn{XoIcn¨Xv 1962 dbv¨Â Imgvksâ \nÈ_vZhk´w (Silent Spring) F¶ IrXnbmWv. IoS\min\nIÄ D­m¡p¶ ]mcnØnXnI {]XnkÔnbpsS cq£X hnhcn¡p¶ B IrXn BtKmfXe¯n Xs¶ ]cnØnXnsb Ipdn¨pÅ NÀ¨ XpS§nsh¨p. ]£nIÄ ]mSm¯ ]q¡Ä Nncn¡m¯ \nÈ_vZ hk´s¯¡pdn¨pÅ Adnhv Hcp h³ sR«temsSbmWv a\pjycmin Gäphm§nbXv. a\pjy tI{µnXXz¯n \n¶v ssPh tI{µnXXz¯nte¡pÅ Hcp ho£W hyXnbm\w kmlnXy¯nepw Zriyambn¯pS§n.

]cnØnXnbpw hnIk\hpw X½n Hcp k´penXmhØ krjvSn¨v sIm­v imJIfpw D]imJIfpambn hfÀ¶p sIm­ncn¡p¶ hnimeamb ZmÀi\nI taJebmWv C¶v ]cnØnXn ZÀi\w. Kl\ ]cnØnXnhmZw (Deep Ecology) kmaqlnI ]cnØnXnhmZw (Social Ecology). ]mcnØnXnI amÀIvknkw (Eco Marxism). ]mcnØnXnI kv{XohmZw  (Eco Feminism) XpS§nb {][m\ ZÀi\ taJeIÄs¡m¸w ]cnØnXn  A[ymßnIX (Eco Spirituality), ]cnØnXn kulrZw (Eco Friendliness) XpS§nb ssk²m´nI kao]\§fpw kmlnXy ZÀi\§Ä XpS§nbn«p­v. Fgp]XpIfpsS XpS¡¯nemWv aebmf kmlnXy¯n {]tXyIn¨v IhnXmcwK¯v C¯c¯nepÅ ]cnØnXn t_m[¯nsâ A\pcW\§Ä XpS§nbXv.

sskeâv hmen ]²Xns¡Xnsc aebmf¯nse IhnIÄ kwLSn¨v Hcp {]IrXn kwc£W kanXn cq]oIcn¨p. "{]IrXnbpsS kwc£W¯n\v th­n Pohsâ \ne\n¸n\v th­n' CXmbncp¶p kaXnbpsS ap{ZmhmIyw. ]cnØnXnZÀi\¯nsâ Bib§Ä AS§p¶ IhnXIÄ kamlcn¨v kanXn 1983 "h\]ÀÆw' Fs¶mcp {KÙw {]kn²oIcn¨p. Cu kwcw`w aebmf IhnXmcwK¯v kam\ BibapÅ IhnXIfpsS ]ndhn¡v {]tNmZ\ambn. am{Xaà ]cnØnXn kwc£Ww F¶ Bibw aäv BibaÞe§fnte¡v hym]n¡m\pw CSbm¡n.

{]IrXn¡v Hcp k´penXmhØbp­v. AXn\v `wKw kw`hn¡pt¼mÄ {]IrXnbpsS Xmfw sXäp¶p. B Xmf¸ng {]IrXn¡v am{Xaà a\pjy\pw `ojWnbmhp¶p. a\pjysâ \ne\n¸ns\¡pdn¨v Nn´n¡p¶ Ghscbpw Cu Xncn¨dnhv AkzØam¡p¶p. ]cnØnXn {]IcW§Ä X§fpsS {]hÀ¯\ taJebn \n¶v AIän \nÀ¯m³ Ignbp¶Xsöv AhÀ Xncn¨dnbp¶p. kmaqlnI cmjv{Sob kmwkvImcnI taJeIsf Cu ]pXnb Aht_m[w _m[n¨t¸mgmWv ]cnØnXn imkv{Xhpw ZÀi\§fpw cq]s¸«Xv. Cu sshÚm\nI imJ {]IrXnbnse a\pjy tI{µnXamb Hcp ZÀi\¯n\v hgn Xpd¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ]cnØnXn hnÚm\obw hnhn[ ZÀi\§fmbpw kuµcyimkv{Xambpw hfÀ¨ t\SnbXnsâ Ncn{Xw a\pjyhÀK¯nsâ \ne\n¸n\pth­nbpÅ t]mcm«¯nsâ Ncn{Xw IqSnbmWv.

a\pjymhØIsf ImetZi kmlNcy§tfmSp _Ôs¸Sp¯nb Hcp emhWykn²m´w c­­mbncw hÀjw ]g¡apÅ {ZmhnUobamb XnW k¦ev]\¯n ImWm³ Ignbpw. {ZmhnU kuµcyimkv{X¯nsâ B[nImcnI tcJbmbn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶ sXm¡m¸nbw s]mcpf[nImc¯n a\pjyPohnXs¯ AXnsâ ]Ým¯ehpw t{]cIiànbpamb {]IrXntbmSpw ImemhØItfmSpw _Ôs¸Sp¯p¶ Hcp kmIeyZÀi\amWv ImWm³ Ignbp¶Xv. hnhn[ `qhn`mK§fmbn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶ XnWIÄ ASnØm\ambn«pÅ {ZmhnU Imhyaoamwkbn kmlnXys¯ c­p apJy[mcbmbn hn`Pn¨ncn¡p¶p. Bß\njvThpw sshbànIhpw hnImc {][m\hpamb `mhKoXhntij§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ "AIw' IhnXIÄ Hcp hn`mKw. hkvXp\njvThpw kmaqlnIhpw hnhcW{][m\hpamb BJym\hntij§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ "]pdw' IhnXIÄ asämcp hn`mKw. Chbv¡m[mcamb XnWIÄ¡v "AI¯nW'Isf¶pw "]pd¯nW'Isf¶pw t]cn«ncn¡p¶p.

hyXykvX `q{]tZi§sfbpw Ahbv¡v Hmtcm¶n\pw k¦ev]n¨ hyhlmckhntijXIsfbpamWv "XnW' F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. Hmtcm XnWbv¡pw Øew, Imew XpS§nb "apXÂs¸mcpfp'Ifpw ssZhw P\§Ä, Blmcw, hmZyw, acw, ]£n, ]qhv, arKw, sXmgnÂ, cmKw XpS§nb "Icpf's¸mcpfpIfpw D­­v. sshImcnImhØbmWv "Dcn's¸mcpÄ, Icps¸mcpÄ Hcp XnWbn hcp¶h asämcp XnWbn hÀ®n¡p¶Xn sXänÃ. F¶m `mh{][m\amb Dcns¸mcpÄ \nbXamWv. AIw IhnXIfnepw ]pdw IhnXIfnepw {][m\ambpw Ggp XnW hoXamWpÅXv. ssI¡nssf, Ipdn©n, apssÃ, ]msse, acpXw, s\bvXÂ, s]cp´nssW F¶v AIXnWIÄ¡pw shSvNn, h©n, Dgnssª, Xpss¼, hmssI, Im©n, ]mSm¬ F¶n§s\ ]pd¯nWIÄ¡pw IrXnbpambn at\m`mh§fpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯pIbmWv ChnsS. Ipdn©n, apssÃ, ]msse, acpXw, s\bvX F¶nhbmWv "sF´nW' F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.

Ipdn©n: aebpw aetbmc {]tZi§fpw DÄs¸« \neamWp Ipdn©n\new. ae\nhmknIsf aebÀ, AYhm IpdhÀ F¶p ]dbp¶p. Im´Ä¸qhmWv Ipdn©n\nes¯ ]pjv]w. th§sb {][m\acambpw abnens\ {][m\ ]£nbmbpw Cu \ne¡mÀ ImWp¶p. apcpI\mWv Cu \ne¯nsâ tZhX. Ipdnªn¸¬, tXm¸md, Xw_pcp F¶nhbmWv ChcpsS hmZy§Ä. ae\m«nse bphXobphm¡fpsS clkyt{]ahpw Hfn¨pIqSepw A\´c^eamb thÀ]mSpw Zp:JhpamWv Ipdnªn¡hnXIfnse B[nImcnI {]tabw. Ipdnªn¡p _Ôw agtbmSpw ]mXncm{XntbmSpamWv.

apssÃ: ImSpw ]cnkc{Kma§fpw AS§nb {]tZiamWv apÃ\nbw, BbÀ, a¶mSnIÄ, Ipdp¼À F¶nhcmWv P\§Ä. ]mev, s\¿v, Dgp¶v, ae¡dn F¶nh apÃ\ne¡mcpsS \nXy`£W¯nÂs¸«ncp¶p. h\hmknIfpsS {]tXyI hmZyw apÃbmgv, HmS¡pg F¶nhbmWv. kwtbmKhntbmKmhØIfmWp apøm«pIfn {][m\w. ag¡mehpw A´nab§nb t\chpamWv apáhnXbpsS irwKmchÀ®\IÄ¡p ]änb {]tZiambn«mWp apÃ\ne§sf IhnIÄ IcpXnh¶Xv.

]msse: F¡mehpw DW§nhc­­v, PeZmcn{Zyw _m[n¨ aW¡mSpw Ipän¡mSpw I«¸\Ifpw IeÀ¶ {]tZiamWv ]me\new. bp²tZhXbmb sImässh AYhm ImfnbpsS BhmktI{µamWnXv. adhcpw Fbn\cpamWv ChnsS hkn¡p¶Xv. sImÅbSn¡emWv ChcpsS {][m\ sXmgnÂ. s]cpw]dbmWv ChcpsS {][m\ hmZyw. th\¡mehpw \«p¨bpamWv ]me\ne¸m«pIfnse ]Ým¯e Imew. cmPmÚ, bp²w, [\k¼mZ\w F¶nhbn GsX¦nepw sIm­­p \mSpw hoSpw shSnªp t]mbncn¡p¶ X§fpsS ]pcpj·msctbmÀ¯p KrlnWnamÀ¡p­mIp¶ hnjmZhpw AXns\¯pSÀ¶p­mIp¶ hnem]hpamWv ]me¸m«pIfpsS Dcns¸mcpÄ. CjvSs¸« s]®ns\ I«psIm­­p t]mIpI F¶ GÀ¸mSpw ]me¸m«pIfnse {]tabamWv.

acpX\new: ]pgbpw Nndbpw Ipfhpw tXmSpw hbepw tXm¸pIfpw FÃmw DÄs¡mÅp¶ \m«n³]pdamWv acpX\new. aZntcmÕh¯nepw amtcmÕh¯nepw ap§n aZn¨p Pohn¡p¶ [\nIcmWv acpX \ne¯nse {][m\s¸« IYm]m{X§Ä. ssIhoWbpw Ipgepw arZwKhpw ]q¯ncnbpw No\¸S¡hpw Hs¡¡qSn DÕhabamWv Cu \new. kar²amb hnfshSp¸pw kpJamb `uXnI PohnXm´co£hpw ChnsSbp­­v. Hfnamc·msct¯Sn ho«p]Sn¡epw Iheap¡nepw Id§p¶ sskzcnWnamcpw kwKaØew tXSnt¸mIp¶ A`nkmcnIamcpw ChnSps¯ kmaqlnI PohnX¯nsâ Ahn`mPy LSIambncn¡p¶p. ChcpsS AXnNm]ehneknXamb t\m«hpw s]cpamähpw acpX\ne¯nsâ tZhX. cm{XnbpsS BZy`mKhpw shfp¸m³ImehpamWv acpX \ne¸m«nsâ kab]Ým¯ew. ]nW¡hpw kuµcyIelhpamWv Dcns¸mcpÄ.

s\bvXÂ: IStemc `mKamWv s\bvX \new. IcpWck¯n\mWv s\bvXensâ {]m[m\yw. CXnse kvt\l hncl`mh§Ä AKm[hpw Xo{hhpamWv. hntbmK¯nsâ tZhnbmb kÔybmWv ]Ým¯ew. ]chcmWv apJy \nhmknIÄ. \mbnIbpsS GIm´ hnem]amWv Dcns¸mcpÄ. Bdv EXphpw ]Iensâ Ahkm\ `mKhpw s\bvX¸m«n hnhcn¡p¶p. \netZhX hcpW\mWv.

apXÂs¸mcpÄ, Dcns¸mcpÄ, Icps¸mcpÄ F¶nhbpsS ka\zbamb XnWbn Dcns¸mcpfn\mWv {]m[m\yw. apXÂs¸mcpfpw Icps¸mcpfpw At\ym\yw ]IcpIbpw amdpIbpw sN¿mw. Hcp XnWbnse Icp¡Ä asämcp XnWbn h¶m AXns\ "XnWab¡w' F¶pw XnWIÄ CW§msX \n¶m "XnW¸nW¡w' F¶pw ]dbmw. F¶m Dcns¸mcpfn\v amäw h¶pIqSm.

taev]dª hniIe\¯n \n¶p t_m²yamIp¶ {][m\ hkvXpX CXmWv. apXÂ, Icp, Dcn F¶o aq¶p s]mcpfpw H¶n¡pt¼mtg XnWbmIp¶pÅq. PohnXs¯ Hcp ]cnØnXn hyqlambn t\m¡n¡mWp¶ Cu coXn B[p\nI imkv{X¯nse "knÌwkv' kao]\t¯mSv Gähpw ASp¯p hÀ¯n¡p¶p F¶v Fw. eoemhXn A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p­­v. apXÂþIcpþDcns¸mcpfpIfpsS ASnØm\¯nepÅ kmlnXy cq]hn`P\¯nsâ imkv{XobXbpw ka{KXbpw kaoNo\Xbpw {i²mÀlamWv. "_mlyhpw B´chpamb e£W§fpsS ASnØm\¯n {]IrXn a\pjy_Ô¯nsâ kq£vamht_m[¯neqsS hyàamIp¶ Hcp ]cnØnXnImhyaoamwk Cu cq]hn`P\¯n sXfnªphcp¶p­­v. F¶v A¿¸¸Wn¡cpw ]dbp¶p. kmlnXycq]hpw a\pjysâ am\knImhØbpw kmaqlnI t_m[hpw {]IrXn ]cnØnXnLSI§fpw X½n ssPhamb _Ôaps­­¶v ChnsS AwKoIcn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. ImetZi_Ônbmb a\pjyPohnXw ]cnØnXnbpambn _Ôs¸«m am{Xta aqÀ¯amb A\p`h Nn{XoIcWw km[yamIq F¶mWv s]mcpfXnImc¯nsâ hnh£. a\pjy{]IrXnbpw _mly{]IrXnbpw Htc {]]©k¯bpsS BhnjvImc§fmsW¶ Aht_m[¯n \n¶mWp ]cnØnXn imkv{Xho£W¯n\p kam\amb Cu Nn´m]²Xn {ZmhnU tZi¯p cq]w ]q­­Xv.

 

 {]IrXntbbpw ssPhsshhn[yt¯bpw ]cnc£n¡m³ \ap¡v kz´amb amÀ¤§fpw hymJym\§fpw D­­mbncp¶p F¶p ImWmw. {ZmhnUkwkvImcw {]IrXy`napJambncp¶p. AhcpsS {]IrXymcm[\bn hensbmcp Xncn¨dnhnâ X¯zw DÄt¨À¶n«p­­v. {]IrXnbnÂ\n¶v thdn«v a\pjy\p \ne\nev]nsö Xncn¨dnhv. h\yXbnemWv Pohsâ \ne\nÂ]v F¶ {]mNo\ hnthIw AhÀ¡p­­mbncp¶p. {]IrXnbn \n¶pXs¶ ]Tn¨ ]mT§fpsS shfn¨amWv Ahsc \bn¨ncp¶Xv. \nba§fmbncp¶nà Cu `uakZmNmcs¯ {]mhÀ¯nIam¡nbXv. ssZ\wZn\ PohnX¯nse BNmc§fmbn, hnizmk§fmbn Ah \ne\n¶p t]m¶p. _mly{]IrXnbpw A´ÀtemIhpw Ahsc kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw hncp² iànIfmbncp¶nÃ.

{]XnIqeamb PohnXkmlNcy§tfmSv Gäpap«nb {]mNo\ a\pjy³ aqÀ¯amb {]IrXn iànIsf Bcm[n¡m³ XpS§n. AtXmSp IqSnbmWv tKm{XNntÓm]mk\ cq]saSp¯Xv. Hcp hr£s¯tbm arKs¯tbm k¦ev]n¨psIm­­pÅ a\pjysâ {]mNo\Xaamb Cu Bcm[\mcoXnsb {]IrXnbpambn X·bo`hn¡m\pÅ {iaambn IcpXmhp¶XmWv. {]IrXnbpsS hcZm\amb Pehpw aäp hn`h§fpw D]tbmKn¨p ss\kÀKnI PohnXw \bn¨ph¶ Hcp P\X {]IrXn kma{KnIsf Bcm[n¨p h¶Xp kzm`mhnIw am{Xw. Cu tKm{X Nn X§fpsS c£mIhNamsW¶v AhÀ IW¡m¡n. {]mNo\ kwL Ime¯v Ggnae cmPmhmbncp¶ \¶sâ ImhÂacw AYhm tKm{XNnÓw th¸mbncp¶p. Hcp th¸pacw apdn¨Xn\ptijw i{XpcPmhn\v \¶s\ h[n¡m³ IgnªpÅp F¶ kwLImeIrXnbn ImWp¶p. tNc cmPmhmb Cabhc¼³ s\SpwtNcemXs\ {]IoÀ¯n¨psIm­­p Ipa«qÀ I®\mÀ F¶ IhnsbgpXnb ]Xnäp¸¯v c­­mw ]¯n "]Ihoc·msc t]mcn sh«nhogv¯n AhcpsS B{IaWw XIÀ¯v apt¶m«pIS¶v, ZpÀt½mlnIfmb cmPm¡·mscbpw AhcpsS ImhÂacamb IS¼ns\ NphtSmsS sh«napdn¨n« tNc\mYm, A§bpsS tIm]hpw ss[cyhpw Akm[mcWamWv' F¶v AÀ°w hcp¶ Hcp ]m«p­­v. tKm{XNnÓw AhÀ F§s\ IW¡m¡nbncp¶p F¶v CXn \n¶p hyàamWv.

]©pcpfn F¶ sX¿w BÂac¯n IpSnsImÅp¶p F¶v AXnsâ ]pcmhr¯w hyàam¡p¶p. Cu sX¿¯nsâ {]mYanIamb NS§v "ac¯n \n¶nd¡'epw Ahkm\s¯ NS§v "ac¯n \n¶nIä'epw BWv. a{´aqÀ¯nbmb A½ssZhamWv ]©pcpfn. Cu tZhXbpw h\hpambpÅ _Ôw At`ZyamWv. "ap¯¸³' sX¿³ aebn hkn¡p¶p F¶XmWp hnizmkw. A¯n, C¯n, t]cmÂ, Acbm F¶o \mev]mac§sf hnip² hr£§fmbn IW¡m¡nt¸m¶p. Cu "£oc'hr£§sf Bcpw apdn¡mdnÃ. ]mÂac§sfbpw A½sbbpw H¶mbn¡W¡m¡p¶ at\m`mhw {]mIrX hnizmk§fnep­­v.

a\ptjymÀhcXbpw {]IrXypÀhcXbpw ]ckv]cw _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p F¶pw H¶v atäXns\ kzm[o\n¡p¶p F¶pw {]mNo\ kaqlw hnizkn¨ncp¶p. a®nsâbpw a\pjysâbpw ^ekar²nbpsS tlXp H¶msW¶mbncp¶p AhcpsS hnizmkw. ]pfnacw DÀhcXbpsS {]XoIamsW¶ hnizmkw tIcf¯nep­­v. "]pfnIpSn' F¶ A\pjvTm\w CXn \n¶mWpÛhn¨Xv.

{]IrXnbnse hkvXp¡sf DÀhcXbpsS {]XoIambn IW¡m¡p¶ ]Xnhv tIcf¯n C¶pw \ne\n¡p¶p­­v. ]q¡Ä, IapIn³ ]q¡pe, sX§n³ ]q¡pe F¶nh C¯c¯nepÅ {]XoI§fmWv. {]IrXnbpambn XmZmßyw {]m]n¡m\pÅ {iaw tIcf¯nse FÃm DÀhcXmNS§pIfnepw ImWmw. \nd, ]p¯cn, HmWw, XncphmXnc, hnjp, ]qcw XpS§nb DÕh§Ä DZmlcWamWv. DÀhcXmiàn¡mbn Im«phÅnIfpw CeIfpw s\¡Xncpw ho«n sIm­­ph¶p sI«p¶ NS§mWv "\nd'. HmWw, XncphmXnc, ]qcw F¶nhbn ]q¡Ä {][m\ LSIamWv.

{]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pw X½n tKm{XkwkvImc¯nsâ Ime¯p \ne\n¶ncp¶ ]mckv]cy¯n\v amäw h¶Xp {_mlvaWcpsS IpSntbät¯msSbmWv. ag¡mSpIÄ sXfn¨v AhÀ t£{X§fpw IrjnbnS§fpw krjvSn¨p. F¦nepw ImÀjnIkwkvImcw {]IrXntbmSv ASp¯Xmbncp¶p.

sI«pIYIfpw ambnIIYIfpw sIm­­p\ndª aebmfnbpsS Aht_m[¯n\v {]IrXnbpambpÅ klPoh\¯nsâ ]pcmhr¯§fp­­v. \½psS ImhpIfpw Ipf§fpw ssPhmcm[\bpw CXnsâ DZmlcWamWv. ssZh§fpsS BØm\ambn k¦ev]n¨v Hcp ]pÃp]dn¡m³ t]mepw A\phZn¡msX Im¯pkq£n¨ncp¶ ImhpIfpw aessZh§fpsS BØm\§fpw ]q¦mh\§fpw ssPhsshhn[y¯nsâ D¯a\nZÀi\§ft{X. Imhp Xo­­tÃ, IpSnshÅw ap«pw F¶ ]gsamgnbpsSbpw Imhn Ccp¼psIm­­v t]mIcpXv, Imhnse hndIp I¯n¡cpXv apXemb \mtSmSnhne¡pIfpsSbpw s]mcpÄ imkv{X¯neqsSbpw \mw Ct¸mÄ Adnªp XpS§nbncn¡p¶p.

tIcf Ncn{X¯nse {][m\ I®nbmWv kÀ¸§fpw kÀ¸mcm[\bpw. Hcp Ime¯p ImhpIfpw \n_nUh\§fpw \ndªncp¶ Cu `qanbn kÀ¸mcm[\ DSseSp¯Xp kz`mhnIw am{Xw. Cu Bcm[\bpambn _Ôs¸«p \ne\n¶ncp¶Xp tIcf¯nse ImemhØbpsS imeo\XbmWv; kwkvImc¯nsâ IehdbmWv; {]IrXnbpsS hcZm\amb At\Imbncw hr£§fmWv; kkyeXmZnIfmWv; P´p¡fmWv.

{]IrXntbmSp kacks¸« Hcp hmkvXphnZym]mc¼cyamWv tIcfobÀ¡p­­mbncp¶Xv. ImemhØsbbpw `q{]IrXntbbpw tIcfobÀ ]cnKWn¨ncp¶p. a\pjycpsS klhmkw, A`ncpNn F¶nh IW¡nseSp¯ncp¶p. ]gb tIcfob t£{X§Ä AhbpsS ]cnkc§fpsS AtZ`ymwi§fmbncp¶p. Ah Hcp \ZnbpsS Xoc¯mbmepw Ip¶n³ Xe¸nembmepw AhbpsS cq]hn\ymkw XmgvhcbpsS _mlymImcs¯tbm, Ip¶nsâ Nmbvam\s¯tbm A\pNnXambn hnLv\s¸Sp¯nbncp¶nÃ. a®n Ipcp¯Xv F¶p tXm¶n¡p¶ inev]Iemt_m[w ChbnseÃmw {]ISambncp¶p.

Krl\nÀ½mW¯nemsW¦n hoSphbv¡p¶ Øehw AXnsâ NcnhpIfpw ]cnKWn¨ncp¶p. hoSphbv¡m³ KpWIcamb `qansb¸än ChnsS {]Nmc¯nepÅ Hcp ]ZyiIew C§s\bmWv:

""]ip¡fpw \Ã a\pjyÀ ]qacw

^e{Zpaw ]mÂacapÅ `qanbpw

Ing¡pNmªn«p \nc¶pamÀ±hw

apg¡hpw \oÀheamb `qanbpw

_oP§f{Xmipapfbv¡ptaShpw

JmXzm\nd¨oSpIoteäapÅXpw

iotXmjvWtbmcmÀ¯nIpdªtZihpw

th\¡p\ocpÅXp \à `qanbmw...

XncsªSp¡p¶ `qanbpsS \· Krl¯nsâ sFizcy¯n\p tlXphmbn AhÀ ]cnKWn¨ncp¶p. Ing¡v `mK¯p Ceªnbpw sX¡p`mK¯v ]pfnbpw ]Snªmdp`mK¯v Bªnenbpw hS¡p`mK¯p ¹mhpw \à XdhmSnsâ e£Wambn ]cnKWn¨ncp¶p. a®nsâ KpWhpw EXpNe\§fpw hr£¯nsâ alXzhpw DÄs¡mÅm³ \½psS ]qÀhnIÀ¡p km[n¨p. tIhew ]pkvXIÚm\ambncp¶nÃ. A\p`hÚm\ambncp¶p AhcpsS k¼¯v.

hmkvXpimkv{X¯n \mepsI«nsâ \Spapä¯p XpS§p¶ hr£]cn]me\ \nÀt±iw hf¸v, {Kmaw, {Kmat£{XwF¶n§s\ \o­­pt]mIp¶p. \Spapäs¯mcp apïdbpw apÃbpw hmkvXpimkv{Xw \nÀt±in¡p¶p. apÃbpsS Øm\w ]n¡me¯v Xpfkn¡mbn. Hmtcm P·\£{X¯n\pw A\pKpWambn Hcp hr£aps­­¶ hnizmkw hr£]cn]me\ hy{KX¡pIqSn \nZÀi\amWv. \£{Xhr£§Ä GsX¶p hyàam¡p¶ Hcp sNmÃv C§s\bmWv.

""AizXn apXembv sImÄI Imªncw s\Ãnbpw {IamÂ

A¯n, RmhÂ, Icn§men, ]ns¶ Icnacw apf

Acbm \mKhpw t]cm ¹mi¯nb¼gw XYm

\¡qhfw \oÀacpXv sshb¦X Ceªnbpw

sh«nbpw ss]\pw ¹mshcn¡pw N­ hÓnbpw

Ch \£{Xhr£§Ä \¶p \«phfÀ¯nbmÂ''

hgntbmc¯p XW hr£§Ä \Sp¶Xnepw imkv{Xobamb ImgvN¸mSp­­v. hgnt]m¡\p hni¶m `£W¯n\p am§ \ÂIp¶ amhmWv AXn {][m\w. th\en XfnÀ¡p¶ D§v, ISp¡, ¹mhv F¶nhbpw \«ncp¶p.

tIcf¯nse `q{]IrXnbpsS {]tXyIX BhmkhyhØ \nÀ®bn¡p¶Xnepw kwkvImcw cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xnepw apJy ]¦phln¨n«p­­v. ISepw Imbepw Ipf§fpw NndIfpw InWdpIfpw FÃmw tNcp¶ PeirwJebmWv tIcf¯n\p lcnXmhcWw \ÂIp¶Xv. ]Snªmdv AXncmbn hÀ¯n¡p¶ Ad_n¡SÂ; ISepambn _Ôs¸«p InS¡pt¼mgpw DÄ\mSpIfnte¡v hym]n¨ncn¡p¶ \mev]¯n H¶v \ZnIÄ \ZnbpsS t]mjIt{kmXÊpIfmb \nch[n tXmSpIÄ; kar²amb ag; `qKÀ`\ocpdhIÄ, InWdpIÄ, Ipf§Ä C§s\ Pe¯nsâ Cu [mcmfn¯w \½psS PohnXcoXnsbbpw Ncn{Xs¯bpw cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xn apJy]¦phln¨p.

]ÀÆX\ncIfmepw kap{Z¯mepw Nqgs¸«v A\pIqe {]IrXnkmlNcy§fn {]IrXntbmSp _Ôs¸« BNmc\pjvTm\§fpw hnizmk§fpw Im¯pkq£n¨pt]m¶ P\Xbmbncp¶p tIcfobÀ. tIcfobcpsS hnizmk§Ä ]eXpw AÔhnizmk§fntebv¡p sNs¶¯nb Ime¯mWv tImf\nhmgvNbpw imkv{X¯nsâ \hZÀi\hpw ]p¯³ hnIk\ k¦ev]§fpw ChnSps¯ PohnX¯nte¡v IS¶ph¶Xv. CXmIs«, PohnX ssienbnepw {]IrXntbmSpÅ kao]\¯nepw kmcamb amäw hcp¯n. ]cnØnXn {]XnkÔnbnte¡v XmaknbmsX tIcfobcpw F¯nt¨À¶p.

1970þIfn BWv tIcf¯n BZyambn ]cnØnXn t_m[s¯¡pdn¨pÅ Nn´Ifpw NÀ¨Ifpw Bcw`n¨Xv. sskeâvhmen {]t£m`w AXns\mcp {][m\ ImcWambncp¶p. sskeâv hmenbnse h\k¼¯n\pw {]Jym]n¡s¸«t¸mÄ AXv tIcfob kaql¯n henb hnhmZ§Ä krjvSn¨p. {]IrXnsbbpw ]cnØnXnsbbpw _m[n¡p¶ Cu ]²Xn Dt]£n¡Wsa¶v Hcp Iq«À hmZn¨t¸mÄ a\pjyt\¡mÄ hepXà ]cnØnXnsb¶ asämcp Iq«À hmZn¨p. ]cnØnXnsb _m[n¡m¯ coXnbnepÅ hnIk\ ]²Xnbpambn BZyw apt¶m«p h¶Xv imkv{XkmlnXy ]cnj¯mWv. hnIk\hpw ]cnjvImchpw X½nepÅ _Ôs¯ hnaÀi\mßIambn ho£n¡m\pw a\pjyþ{]IrXn _Ô¯n ]pXnb am\§Ä Is­¯m\papÅ {ia§Ä AtXmsSbmWv tIcf¯nepw iàambXv. hyhkmbhev¡cW¯nsâ tZmj^e§fpw It¼mf kwkvImc¯nsâ A[n\nthihpw ]cnØnXn {]XnkÔnIfmbn kaqlw Xncn¨dnªp. ]pgIfpsS \mSmb tIcf¯nse ]pgIsfÃmw Xs¶ hyhkmb aen\oIcW¯nsâbpw NqjW¯nsâbpw CcIfmbn¯oÀ¶p. a\pjysâ \ne\nev]ns\¯s¶ A]ISs¸Sp¯p¶ Xc¯nepÅ C¯cw ]mcnØnXnI {]iv\§sf C¶v Bgambn ]Tn¨p XpS§nbn«p­­v.

tIcfob kmwkvImcnI cwK¯v ]pXnb Hcp ]mcnØnXnI `mhpIXzw krjvSn¨ B {]Xntcm[ {]Øm\¯nsâ ]n´pSÀ¨sbt¶mWw tIcf¯n hym]Iamb ]cnØnXn {]hÀ¯\§sf¡pdn¨v Pn.a[pkqZ\³ C{]Imcw tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p.

""{]Xntcm[ kwL§fpsSbpw, ]cnØnXn {]hÀ¯\§fpsSbpw, sNdnb sNdnb Iq«mbvaIfpsSbpw, ]mTt`Zhw kqNnapJnbpw t]mepÅ sNdp amknIIfpsSbpw Hcp kacapJw Xs¶ cq]s¸«p h¶p. ^p¡pthm¡bpsS "Hässht¡m hn¹h'¯nsâ hnhÀ¯\w, \mSpK±nIsbs¶mcp \mSIw, I\hv Fs¶mcp _Z hnZym`ymk kwcw`w, kmcwKv t]mepÅ ssPhIrjn ]co£W§Ä F¶n§s\ ]cnWma¯n\v t{]cIamb \nch[n {]hÀ¯\§Ä A¡me¯p \S¶p''.

C¶v ]cnØnXn kwc£Ww F¶Xv `qanbpsS kwc£WamsW¶ hnime ho£Ww DÄs¡m­v kmaqlnI, kmwkvImcnI, cm{ãob cwK§fn ]cnØnXn t_m[h¡cWhpw kwc£W {]hÀ¯\§fpw \S¯p¶p F¶Xv Cu cwKs¯ Bimhlamb ]ptcmKXnsb kqNn¸n¡p¶p.

hyhkmb hn¹h¯nsâbpw sXämb hnIk\ k¦Â¸§fpsSbpw aäpw ^eambn BtKmfXe¯nep­mb ]mcnØnXnI {]iv\§sf shfn¨¯p sIm­phcm\pw AXns\ {]Xntcm[n¡phm\pÅ {ia§Ä kmlnXy¯nepw ssk²m´nIXe¯nepw cmjv{Sob¯nepw FÃmw F{Xt¯mfw D­mbn«ps­¶v kmam\yambn apIfn {]Xn]mZn¨n«p­v. tIcf¯nepw CtXmsSm¸w ]mcnØnXnI{]iv\§Ä DbÀ¶ph¶n«p­v. CXnsâ {]Xntcm[§Ä {]t£m`cq]¯nepw ChnsS \S¶n«p­v. Cu {]t£m`§fpsSbpw tIcf¯nse ]mcnØnXnI Ne\§fpsSbpw Ncn{Xw Xmsg kw{Kln¡p¶p.

1970þ80ImeL«¯n sskeâvhmen {]t£m`t¯mSpIqSnbmWv tIcf¯n ]cnØnXn Hcp kPoh km¶n[yamIp¶Xv. aebmf¯nse Fgp¯pImÀ X§fpsS IrXnIfnÂIqSnbpw kmaqlnI]camb CSs]Sen IqSnbpw ]mcnØnIamb BIvSnhnk¯nsâ `mKambn amdp¶Xv sskeâvhmen kwc£W¯nsâ `mKambmWv. kÀ¤mßIXbpsSbpw BIvSnhnk¯nsâbpw cwK§fnseÃmw Fgp]XpIfn Hcp IpXn¨pNm«w Xs¶ \S¶n«p­v. CXnsâ `mKambn Xs¶bmWv ]mcnØnXnIamb `mhpIXzw aebmf¯n thcpd¸n¡p¶Xv kmlnXy¯n AXn\p ap¼v ]cnØnXn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv t_m[]qÀhambXÃmsXbmsW¦n sskeâvhmen {]t£m`¯n\ptijw hniZambn Xs¶ aebmf¯n ]mcnØnXnI kmlnXyw IS¶ph¶p. {]Xntcm[kwL§fpsSbpw ]cnØnXn {]hÀ¯\§fpsSbpw Ncn{Xw Xs¶ Fgp]XpIÄ¡p tijw aebmf¯n D­mbn«p­v. kqNnapJn, ]mTt`Zw XpS§nb tPÀWepIÄ Hässht¡mÄ hn¹h¯nsâ (akt\m_p ^p¡pthm¡) ]cn`mj, \m«pK±nK (\mSIwþsI.sP.t__n) ssPhIrjn ]co£W§Ä, I\hv, kmcwKv XpS§nb _ZÂhnZymeb§Ä, h\]ÀÆw F¶ IhnXmkamlmcw XpS§nbhsbms¡ ]mcnØnXnI aebmf¯nsâ km£y]{X§fmWv. 1979 amXr`qan BgvN¸Xn¸n h¶ sskeâv hmensb kwc£n¡pI F¶ teJ\w (s{]m^kÀ Fw.sI.{]kmZv Pq¬ 9 e¡w 1979) henb Ne\w Xs¶bmWv kmlnXy kmwkvImcnI cwK¯v krjvSn¨Xv. kpKXIpamcn F³.hn. IrjvWhmcyÀ, ssh¡w apl½Zv _joÀ XpS§nbhscms¡ kac¯nsâ ap¶Wnt¸mcmfnIfmbn.

ta kqNn¸n¨ teJ\w hmbn¨p kac t]mcm«w XpS§nb kpKXIpamcn tXmäv t]mbmepw Cu kaccwK¯v ap¶Wn t]mcmfnIfmhm³ tIcf¯nse Fgp¯pImscbpw ]cnØnXn kvt\lnIsfbpw £Wn¨p. kac¯n Xs¶bpw tNÀ¡m³ A`yÀ°n¨psIm­v ssh¡w apl½Zv _joÀ kpKXIpamcn¡v I¯pw ]Whpw Ab¨p. F¶m sskeâvhmen {]t£m]w Ahkm\n¨Xv hnPbKmYtbmsSbmWv. ]me¡mSv PnÃbnse a®mÀ¡mSn\Sp¯ h\`qanbmWv sskeâvhmen. `mcX¸pgbpsS t]mjI\Znbmb Ip´n¸pgbpsS DÛhw ChnsSbmWv. Cu shŨm«¯n\v IpdpsI PesshZypX]²Xn Øm]n¡m\mWv CeIv{Snknän t_mÀUv Dt±in¨Xv. Ggp sImÃw sIm­v ]WnXoÀ¡mw F¶p IcpXnbncp¶ PesshZypX ]²Xn D¯ctIcf¯nse DuÀÖ {]XnkÔn Ipd¡psa¶pw 10000 slIvSÀ `qanbnse¦nepw PetkN\w \S¯m³ D]bpàamIpw F¶pw aäpw hmKvZm\w sN¿s¸s«¦nepw ]mcnØnXnI {]m[m\yapÅ ]e hkvXp¡fpw sskeâvhmen¡v D­mbncp¶p. ]ÝnaL«¯nse \nXylcnX hrjvSn h\§fn HSp¡s¯Xmbncp¶p. sskeâvhmen GXm­v 50 Zie£w hÀj§fpsS ]g¡apÅ ChnsS kky{]IrXnbpsSbpw P´p{]IrXnbpsSbpw sshhn[y§fpsS IehdXs¶ D­mbncp¶p. a\pjycminbpsS CSs]S Gähpw Ipd¨pam{Xw D­mbn«pÅ sskeâvhmen A\´km[yXIfpÅ Hcp Po³Iehdbpw Huj[ DtZym\hpw Hs¡bmbncp¶p. hwi\miw kw`hn¨p sIm­ncn¡p¶ knwlhme³ Ipc§pIfpw aäv At\Iw DcKPohnIfpw ChnsS D­mbncp¶p. sskeâvhmen Hcp _tbmkv^nbÀ Bbn kq£n¡Wsa¶pw AXv shdpsamcp \nXylcnXh\w Asöpw `qanbnse Gähpw k¼¶hpw ISp¯ A]mb`ojWn t\cnSp¶Xpw Gähpw Ipd¨pam{Xw ]Tn¡s¸«n«pÅXpamb BhmkhyhØbpsS Hcp D¯a DZmlcWw BWv F¶pw ]cnØnXn KthjIÀ A`n{]mbs¸«p.

imkv{XkmlnXy]cnj¯v sskeâvhmen {]t£m`¯n Imcyamb ]¦p hln¨ncp¶p. ]²Xnsb FXnÀ¡p¶ Imcy¯n GIm`n{]mbw D­mbncp¶nsænepw ]cnj¯nsâ A©wK kanXn sskeâvhmensb¡pdn¨v X¿mdm¡nb dnt¸mÀ«v 1979amÀ¨n aebmf¯nepw ]n¶oSv Cw¥ojnepw {]kn²oIcn¨p. kac¯nsâ `mKambn Fgp¯pImÀ cq]w \ÂInb h\]ÀÆw F¶ IhnXmkamlmcw (20 IhnIfpsS 30 IhnXIÄ) tIhew ac¡hnXIÄ Bbncp¶nÃ. aebmf¯nsâ ]mcnØnXnI kmlnXy¯nsâ hnf¼cw Xs¶bmbncp¶p. a\pjytI{µhpw D]t`mKm[njvTnXhpamb kwkvImc¯n\¸pd¯v kkyP´p \n_nUhpw h\yhpamb {]IrXnbpsS km¶n²yaps­¶pw AXns\ kwc£nt¡­Xv [mÀanIamb IÀ¯hyw F¶Xn\¸pdw \ne\n¸nsâ A\nhmcyXbmsW¶pw tIcfw Xncn¨dnªXv sskeâvhmen {]t£m`^eambmWv (Bßmcma³ 2002)

]pgIfpw ac§fpw kwc£n¡m\pw ImSnsâ kwKoXw \nebv¡mXncn¡m\pw ^mIvSdn amen\y§Ä hcp¯p¶ ZpcnX§Ä CÃmXm¡m\pw tIcf¯n sskeâvhmen {]t£m`¯n\ptijw Hcp]mSv t]mcm«§Ä \S¶n«p­v. amhqÀ tKmfntbmÀ ^mIvSdnbv¡v FXnsc \S¶ kacw ImkÀtKms« F³tUmkÄ^ms\Xnsc \S¶ t]mcm«w. IcnaW J\\¯n\pw aäpsaXnsc \S¶ kac§Ä XpS§n ¹m¨naSbnse PeNqjW¯ns\Xnsc \S¶ kachpw Gähpw ]pXnb Ime¯v hf´¡mSv hcm³ t]mIp¶ hyhkmb¯p¶pt\À¡v ]pXpXmbn cq]w sIm­ncn¡p¶p. {]t£m`¯n F¯n\n¡p¶p. kp\mant]mepw XSªp\nÀ¯m³ tijnbpÅ ]mcnØnXnI {][m\yapÅ I­Â¡mSpIÄ \ndª hf´¡mSv X®oÀ {]tZis¯ \in¸n¡m\pÅ A[nImcn hÀ¤¯nsâ Bkq{XWs¯ FXnÀ¡m³ 2010  ]cnØnXn cmjv{Sobw Xs¶ th­nh¶p. 1970IÄ¡p tijw BZnhmkn ZfnXv hn`mK§Ä AhcpsS \ne\n¸n\p th­n \S¯nsIm­ncn¡p¶ t]mcm«§fpsSbpw, ap¯§, sN§d, AXnc¸nÅn Hs¡ AS§nb kac§Ä ]mcnØnXnI {]Xntcm[§Ä Bbn¯s¶ ASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶p­v. AXnc¸nÅn PesshZypX ]²Xn¡v tI{µkÀ¡mÀ A\paXn \ntj[n¡p¶Xnsâ {][m\ XSÊw AhnsS hkn¡p¶ BZnhmkn hn`mK¯n s]«hcmsW¶ kXyw IqSn Xncn¨dntb­Xp­v. BZnhmkn ZfnXv cmjv{Sobhpw AcnIph¡cn¡s¸Sp¶ Hmtcmcp¯cpsSbpw cmjv{Sobhpw tNÀ¯p Xs¶bmWv tIcf¯n ]mcnØnXnI cmjv{Sob¯nsâ kzXzt_m[w iànbmÀPn¡m³ t]mIp¶Xv.  

P\Iob {]Øm\§Ä

Fgp]XpIÄ¡p tijapÅ ImeL«w tIcf¯nsâ kmaqly PohnX¯nepw kac§fpsSbpw sNdp¯p\nev¸nsâbpw ImeL«ambncp¶p. Nmenbmdnse aen\oIcW¯ns\Xnsc amhqcnse P\§fpsS kacw F¬]XpIfn XpS§n. h³InS ^mIvSdnIfpw ]²XnIfpw krjvSn¡p¶ IpSnsbmgn¸n¡epIfpsSbpw aen\oIc¯nsâbpw CcIfmb  a\pjyÀ tIcf¯n\p shfnbn ZoÀLamb sNdp¯p\nev¸pIÄ \S¯n. HdoÊbnse _enb]m F¶ Øe¯v anssÊ Xmhfw Øm]n¡p¶Xns\Xnsc A¶m«nse Hcp e£t¯mfw hcp¶ Xmak¡mÀ kacw sNbvXp. \À½m\Znbn AWs¡«p Øm]n¡p¶Xns\Xncmbn ta[m]SvIÀ \bn¡p¶ kac]cn]mSnbmbn C¶pw XpScp¶p. tIcfs¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw {]apJ \ZnIsfÃmw Xs¶ hyhkmbaen\oIcW¯nsâbpw NqjW¯n³scbpw CcIfmbn amdnbncn¡p¶p. aWÂhmc A\nb{´nXambtXmsS \ZnIfpsS LS\ Xs¶ amdnt¸mIp¶Xmbn \ap¡dnbmw. a\pjyPohnX¯nsâ hnhn[Xe§sf kv]Àin¡p¶ C¯cw ]mcnØnXnI {]iv\§sf C¶v hfsc Kuch¯nepw Bg¯nepw ]Tn¨p XpS§nbncn¡p¶p.

\thm°m\¯nsâ kzm[o\w

Ccp]Xmw \qäm­­nsâ XpS¡w Hcp \h`mhpIXz¯nsâ ASbmfw aebmf IhnXbnte¡p sIm­­ph¶p. 19þmw \qäm­­nsâ a[y¯n\ptijw `mcX¯nepw tIcf¯nepw cq]s¸«p XpS§nb khntijamb BibImemhØbmWv Cu \h`mhpIXzw km[yam¡nbXv. Cu A´co£w tImf\n hmgvNbpsSbpw PmXn hyhØbpsSbpw Ccbmbncp¶ `mcXs¯ B[p\nIoIcn¨p. 19þmw \qäm­­nsâ a[y¯n\p tijap­mb kmwkvImcnI \thm°m\ambncp¶p AXnsâ B[mcw. _wKmfmbncp¶p AXnsâ {]`hØm\w.

]mÝmXykwkvImchpw hnZym`ymkhpambpÅ ]cnNbamWv \thm°m\s¯ XzcnXs¸Sp¯nb LSI§fnsem¶v. AtXkabw Xt±iob kzXz¯nsâ DWÀ¨bv¡pw lnµpaX \hoIcW¯n\pw Du¶Â sImSp¯psIm­v `mcXob \thm°m\w hnIkn¨Xv. PmXnt`Z¯n\pw kXn¡pw FXncmbn {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw B[p\nI hnZym`ymk¯n\pw tZiob sFIy¯n\pw th­n hmZn¡pIbpw sNbvX \thm°m\ {]Øm\§Ä hyànkzXz¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. bqtdm]y³ t_mt[mZb¯nsâ ^eamb B[p\nIXbpsS kzm[o\w `mcXob \thm°m\s¯ cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xn KWyamb ]¦phln¨p.

sImtfmWnb B[q\nIXbpambn _Ôs¸«mWv tIcf¯nepw \thm°m\ {ia§Ä \S¶Xv. Cw¥ojv hnZym`ymk¯nsâbpw A¨SnbpsSbpw {]Nmcw kmaqlnIamb amä§Ä¡v hgn Xpd¶p. F¶m khÀWhn`mK§Ä am{Xambncp¶p Cu amä§fpsS {][m\ KpWt`màm¡Ä. {io\mcmbW Kpcphnsâ {]hÀ¯\§Ä Iogmf, ZfnX P\ hn`mK§fpsS DWÀÆn\pw \hoIcW¯n\pw am{XaÃ, tIcfob kaqlLS\bpsS ]cnhÀ¯\¯n\pw ImcWambn. bYmÀ°¯nepÅ Hcp tIcfob \thm°m\amWnhnsS km[yambXv.

BwKehnZym`ymkw {]Ncn¨Xpw km£cX IqSnbXpw ]mÝmXy kzm[o\w hÀ²n¨Xpsams¡ kmlnXyw hfcp¶Xn\pw klmbIambn. Imev]\nIXsb ]n´Ån Poh kmlnXyw Bcw`n¨p. aXþ]pcmKmYIfpw cmPkvXpXnIfpw Dt]£n¨v kmlnXyw PohnXbmYmÀ°y§sf DÄs¡mÅm³ XpS§n. kmlnXy¯n Hcp B[p\nI L«w Bcw`n¨p.

\thm°m\m[p\nIX, sshbànIX, Xt±iobX, PmXn hyhØm hncp²X XpS§nb Imcy§fnemWv {][m\ambpw {i² ]Xn¸n¨Xv. IhnXbpsS KXnamä¯n Cu Bib aÞe§Ä hln¨ ]¦p sNdpXÃ. `qXImes¯ Dt]£n¨psIm­­v `mhnbnte¡p t\m¡p¶ Hcp ssk²m´nI ]Ým¯ew aebmf IhnXbnep­­mbn.

""\thm°m\m[p\nIXbpsS ^eambn bmYmØnXnIXz¯n \n¶pw apàambn PmXn hyhØbv¡pw tImf\nhmgvN¡psaXncmb kac§fneqsSbpw kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW§fneqsSbpw cq]s¸« tIcfob ]uckaql¯nse ]pXnb IÀXrXzw kmlnXy¯n {]thin¨Xn Cu `mhn ZÀi\¯n\p henb ]¦p­­v. Ipamc\mims\bpw hn.kn. _meIrjvW]Wn¡scbpw kn.Fkv.kp{_lvaWy³ t]mänsbbpw hÀj§Ä¡ptijw N§¼pg IrjvW]nÅsbbpw sshtem¸nÅn {io[ctat\ms\bpw km[yam¡nbXv B`mhn t_m[ambncp¶p.''

Ccp]Xmw \qäm­­v a\pjyPohnX¯nsâ hnhn[ taJeIfn ]cnhÀ¯\ap­m¡n. AXnsâ AeIÄ a\pjy³ F¶ k¦ev]s¯ Xs¶ amänadn¨p. imkv{Xhpw kmt¦XnIXbpw AÛpXIcamb hnIk\L«§fneqsS IS¶p s]mbvsIm­­ncp¶p. Fgp¯pambn _Ôs¸«v Bibhn\nab cwK¯p­mb hfÀ¨ Fgp¯pImcpsSbpw Iem{]hÀ¯IcpsSbpw am[yat_m[s¯bpw BhnjvImc X{´s¯bpw ØeIme `mh\Isfbpw \nÀ®mbIamb amä§Ä¡p hnt[bam¡n. \thm°m\¯nsâ aqey§Ä Cu kmlNcy¯n Zpcp]tbmKs¸Sp¯m\pÅ km[yXItfdn. F¦nepw \thm°m\ B[p\nIXbn \n¶v 70þIfn Hcp {]Xntcm[¯nsâ kwkvImcw hfÀ¶ph¶p. ]n¡me¯p klnXy¯nepw kaql¯nepw iàn {]m]n¨ ]mcnØnImht_m[s¯ Cu {]Xntcm[¯nsâ kwkvImcw hfscb[nIw kzm[o\n¨p. tIcfob \thm°m\¯n kzmX{´yw F¶Xnsâ AÀ°w hyànKX kzmX{´yw F¶Ã, Hcp kaql¯nsâ kzmX{´yw F¶mWv F¶ Fw.F³. hnPbsâ hm¡pIÄ ChnsS kvacWobamWv.

 

klm-bI {KÙ-§Ä

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18.    ]otb-gvk¬,-F³.-Fw., "]mcn-ØnXnI amÀIvkn-kw' ]cn-ØnXn {]Xyb imkv{Xhpw amÀIvkn-b³ {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw,  Un.kn _pIvkv, tIm«bw, 2005.

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30.   hµ\ inh, ssPh-tNm-c-Ww, ]n.-F-kv. at\mPv IpamÀ (hnh:) Kb _pIvkv , XriqÀ 2003.

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