നോവലുകള്‍ അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തുന്ന ചരിത്രവും പ്രാദേശികതയും

t\mh-ep-IÄ ASbmfs¸-Sp¯p-¶ Ncn-{Xhpw {]mtZ-in-I-Xbpw

tUm. kt´mjv hÅn-¡mSv

{]mtZ-in-IX

{]tZ-is¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p-¶-XmWv {]mtZ-in-IX. Hcp {]tZ-i-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw, kwkvImcw, BNm-c-m\p-jvTm\§Ä, hnizm-k§Ä, \m«-dn-hp-IÄ F¶n-h-sbÃmw {]tZ-in-I-X-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. Imem-´-c-§-fmbn BÀPn-s¨-Sp¯ Hcp \mSnsâ kzXzw Xs¶-bmWv {]tZ-in-I-X. P\-§-fpsS PohnXcoXn Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ym-khpw kmwkvIm-cnIhpamb hfÀ¨-IÄ XpS-§nbh B {]tZ-i¯nsâ {]tZ-in-IX cq]-s¸-Sp-hm³ klm-bn-¨n-«p-­v. GsXm-cp {]tZ-i-¯n\pw AXntâXmb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ D­m-bn-cn-¡pw. PmXn, aXw, hÀ¤w, `qan-imkv{X]c-amb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ XpS-§n-bhsbms¡ {]tZ-in-IX cq]-s¸-Sm³ Imc-W-am-bn-«p-­v.

kmln-Xy-¯n Fgp-¯p-Imcsâ {]mtZ-in-IX {]Xn-^-en-¡pI kzm`m-hnIw am{Xw. Npäp-]m-Sp-Ifnse a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-§Ä (I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä) {]mtZ-inI -`mj, hnizm-k-§Ä, {]tZ-inI Ncn{Xw, `qL-S\ XpS-§n-bh Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ kmlnXy cN-\-I-fnepw ImWmw. ]s¯m³¼Xmw \qäm-t­mSp-IqSn kmln-Xy-¯n thcq-¶nb Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS `mK-am-bmWv hnizklnXy-¯n {]tZ-in-IX Hcp Krlm-Xp-c-k-¦-ev]-ambn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶Xv. cm{ãobhpw kmaq-l-nI-hp-amb AÀ°Xe-§Ä¡-¸pdw Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ kzbw krjvSn-¡p¶ {]tZ-in-I-Xbpw \ne-\n¡p-¶p­v. {]tZ-is¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ \ndw ]nSn¨ IY-IÄ ]eXpw C-¯-c-¯n cq]s¸«Xpw Ah-bpsS kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-¯n-epsS \ofw \ndªp \n¡p-¶-Xp-IY-IÄ ]eXpw C-¯-c-¯n cq]s¸«Xpw Ah-bpsS kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-¯n-epsS \ofw \ndªp \n¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv. \mtSm-Sn-IYIÄ, ]pcm-hr-¯-§Ä, sFXn-lyw, b£n-I-Y-IÄ XpS-§nbh C¯-cw kzm[o-\-¯n\v hnt[b-ambn Fgp-¯p-Im-cs\ {]tNm-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v.

Ncn-{Xhpw {]mtZ-in-I-Xbpw

Ncn{Xw ]e coXn-I-fn-emWv kÀKm-ßI IrXn-I-fn CS-s]-Sp-¶-Xv. HutZym-KnI Ncn{X tcJ-Isf `mh-\-bn-eqsS ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Ncn{X t\mh ]nd-hn-sIm-Åp-¶p. kn.-hn.-bpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Ncn-{Xs¯ A]m-c-`m-h-\-bn Pzen-¸n-s¨-Sp-¯-hbmWv. t\mh F¶ LS-\bv¡p-Ån \n¡p-t¼mÄ shdpw Ncn{X kw`-h-§Ä am{Xw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bm t\mh-em-hn-Ã, `mh-\-bpsS km¶n[yw A\n-hmcyamWv. Cu \nK-a-\s¯ _e-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Fcp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ-bpsS A`n-{]mbw {i²n-¡pI; “Ncn{Xþ-kw-`-h-§Ä¡v PohnX k¦Â]-§-fpsS aÖbpw amwkhpw \ÂIn hnImc Xo£vW-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¨mte Ncn{X t\mh-ep-IÄ¡v DÄ¡-cp-¯p-­m-Iq. IY-bpsS sI«p-d-¸n\pw `{Z-Xbv¡pw hnIm-k-¯n\pw `mh kuIp-am-cy-X-Xn\pw DX-I-¯-¡-hn[w Ncn{X ]pcp-j-·m-tcm-sSm¸w Iev]nX IYm-]m-{X-§-sfbpw krjvSn¡mw.”1

Ime-s¯bpw A\p-`-h-s¯bpw hn]p-e-amb ]Ým-¯-e-¯n Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶p F¶-Xn-\m GsXmcp t\mhepw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ apg-¡-apÅXmbn-¯o-cp-¶p-­v. Ah-bn Ncn{X t\mh-en\p hyXy-kvX-ambn, `mh\ IqSp-Xepw HutZym-Kn-I-tam, A\u-t²ym-Kn-Itam Bb Ncn{Xw Ipd-hp-am-bn-cn¡pw. Ncn-{X-amWv Fgp-Xp-¶Xv F¶v ap³hn[n CÃm-sX-bmWv C¯cw t\mh-ep-I-fpsS cN-\. F¶n-cn-¡nepw C¯cw t\mh-ep-IÄ tZi-¯nsâ ]qÀÆ-Ime kw`-h-§-fn-te¡v hmb-\-¡msc \bn-¡p-I-bpw Ah-cnÂXt±-in-b-amb Dt¯-P\w ]I-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Hcp ImeL«s¯ Pohn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw t_m[-]qÀÆ-a-ÃmsX Xs¶ C¯cw t\mh-ep-I-fn Zriy-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXpsIm­p-Xs¶ khn-tij Ime-L«¯nse P\-X-bpsS \nebpw \ne-]mSpw Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ GXv t\mhepw ]cym-]vX-am-Wv. Øe-Im-e-§-fn _Ôn-X-amb am\p-jn-I-amb A\p-`-h-§-fp-sSbpw bmYmÀ°y-§-fp-sSbpw hn\ymkw t\mh-ep-Isf ]n¡me hmb-\-I-fn Ncn-{X-¯nsâ Awi-§Ä Is­-Sp-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶pap­v.

sFXnlyw, ]pcm-hr-¯w, IY-IÄ

GsXmcp P\ kwkvIr-Xn-bnepw Ah-cpsS ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ `mK-ambn \mtSmSn KZym-Jym-\-§Ä \ne \n¡p-¶p-­v. sFXn-lyw, ]pcm-hr-¯w, \mtSm-Sn-¡-Y-IÄ F¶n-§s\ `mh-\bpw Nne ktµ-i-§fpw HmÀ½-Ifpw IqSn-¡pgªv Ch-bn P\-X-bpsS khn-tij Ncn{Xw DÄt¨À¶n-cn-¡p-¶Xp ImWmw. kq£vamb At\z-j-W-¯n C¯cw KZym-Jym-\-§-fn AXXv Iq«m-bva-bpsS temI-ho-£-Whpw kmaqly kz`mh§fpw shfn-s¸-Sp-¶p. `mh-\bpw ktµ-ihpw Ncn-{Xhpw tNcp-¶-XmWv sFXnlyw. B Ime-L-«-¯nse kmaq-ly-t_m-[s¯¡pdn¨v a\-kn-em-¡m³ sFXn-ly-§Ä klm-b-I-am-hp-¶p. ‘Ncn{X]c-amb kzev]w hkvXp-X-IÄ AS-§p-¶Xpw hyàn-Isf¡pdn-¨pÅ Pohn-X-kw-`-h-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-amb IY-I-fmWv sFXo-ly-§Ä.”2 sFXolyw t\mh-en IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xp-t]mse Xs¶ sFXo-lys¯ B[m-c-am¡n t\mh krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶pap-­v. CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv F³. taml-\sâ ‘C¶-e-s¯ ag’ F¶ t\mhÂ. tIc-fob X\n-a-bmÀ¶ ]d-bn-s]ä ]´n-cp-Ip-e-¯nsâ IY-bmWv Cu t\mh-en-\m-[m-c-amb sFXnlyw.

Hmtcm tZi-¯n\pw Hmtcm P\ kaq-l-¯n\pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ]pcm-hr¯ k©-b-ap-­v. `mh-\bpw ktµ-ihpw ]mh-\Xbpw DÂ]¯nbpw tNcp-¶-XmWv ]pcm-hr-¯-§Ä. an¯v, KqVmÀ° IY F¶o t]cpIfnepw ]pcm-hr-¯-§Ä kwt_m-[-\- sNbvXpt]m-cp-¶p-­v. “an¯v enJnX cq]-¯n-epÅ Hcp \nÝnX kmlnXy IrXn-b-Ã. AXn]pcm-X-\-amb hmNm-k-aql(Oral Societies)§fn-emWv an¯p-IÄ P·-sa-Sp-¯-Xv.”3  {]]-©-¯n-sâbpw Pohn-X-¯n-sâbpw B´-cn-ImÀ°w Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ IY-I-fpsS k¦-e-\-am-Wnh. am\-h-kw-kvImc Ncn-{X-¯nsâ Hcp tcJ-sb¶ \ne-bn ]pcm-hr-¯-¯n\v aqeyw \ÂI-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. CubÀ°-¯n an¯v a\pjy kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ Hc-hn-`mPy LS-I-am-Wv, AsXmcp \nÀPo-h-amb IY-b-Ã. kPo-h-am-sbmcp DuÀÖ t{kmX-Êm-Wv. AsXmcp `uXo-I-amb hni-Zo-I-c-Wtam Iem-ß-I-amb k¦Â]-\tam AÃ, adn¨v {]mNo\ hnizm-k-¯n-tâbpw [mÀ½nI ssØcy-¯n-sâbpw imkv{Xob hnfw-_-c-am-Wv.4

`mh-\bpw ktµ-ihpw am{Xw tNcp¶ hnt\m-Zm-ß-I-amb KZym-Jym-\-amWv \mtSm-Sn-¡-Y. Ncn{XbmYmÀ°ys¯ DÄs¡m-Åm-¯Xpw ssZho-Ihpw A\p-`-h-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-§sf {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡m-¯Xpw Bb BZn-a-[ym´ s]mcp-¯-apÅ kw`-h-§-fpsS A\p-{I-a-amWv IY AYhm \mtSm-Sn-¡-Y. {]mNo\ a\p-jysâ k¦Â]-§-fn \n¶pw Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-¯n \n¶p-amWv Ch-bpsS Dev]-¯n. tZi-Im-em-Zn-I-fpsS AXnÀh-c-¼p-IÄ hI-sh-bv¡msX \mtSm-Sn-¡-Y-IÄ \mS³ Pohn-X-¯nsâ \mgn-I¡-Ãp-I-fmIp¶p.

\m«-\p-`-hs¯ `mh-\m-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv A\p-`-h-I-Y. GXv kaq-l-¯nse t\mh-ep-I-fnepw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ `mK-ambn ]mc-¼-cym-[n-jvTn-X-amb C¯cw \m«p-I-Y-I-fpsS tNcp-h-IÄ Zriy-am-Wv. CXneqsS t\mh-ens\ AXnsâ A\p-`-h ]cn-k-c-¯n-te-¡v, hn\n-ab \jvS-an-ÃmsX {]ta-bs¯ Bkzm-Z-I-cn-te-s¡-¯n-¡m³ A\m-bmkw Ign-bp-¶p.

HmÀ½-IÄ

Hcp {]tZ-i-¯nsâ kzXz-cq-]o-I-c-Ws¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw hmsamgn ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ `mK-amb HmÀ½-IÄ¡v Gsd {]k-ànbp­v. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Adn-hp-IÄ¡v hfsc {][m-\-s¸« Hcp t{kmXÊv B tZi-¯nsâ HmÀa-I-fm-Wv. F{Xtbm \qäm-­p-IÄ¡-¸p-d-apÅ Ncn-{Xm-i-b-§Ä, A\p-`-h-§Ä, FÃmw kaqlw kwc-£n-¨p-h-bv¡p-¶Xv A¡m-e¯v B {]tZ-i¯v Pohn-¨n-cp¶ Nne hyàn-I-fpsS HmÀa-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. hmsamgn Ncn{Xw F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xp Xs¶ Nne Ncn{X kw`-h-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ HmÀa-I-f-dn-bp-¶-h-cnÂ\n¶v \mw hos­-Sp-¡p¶ Ncn-{X-am-Wv. C{]-Imcw Ncn{XImc-·mÀ Fgp-Xn-sh¨ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ\n¶v XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp Ncn-{X-¯n-te¡v IS-¶p-sN-Ãm³ HmÀa-IÄ klm-b-I-am-hp-¶p.

]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ

{KmaoW P\-X-bpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw _p²n-]-c-hp-amb hfÀ¨-bn hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o\w sNmep-¯nb Hcp LS-I-amWv ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ. Pohn-X-¯nsâ FÃm hi-§fpw {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p¶ ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ Fgp-X-s¸-SmsX {]N-cn-¡p-¶-h-bmWv. CubÀ°-¯n “Hcp P\kap-Zm-b-¯n ]t­-¡p-]t­ ]ecpw ]d-ªp-]-dªp ]c¶ ]g¡w h¶n-«pÅ sNmÃp-IÄ”5 F¶mWv Chbv¡v AÀ°w IÂ]n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ Ah-bp­mb Imes¯ a\p-jy-cpsS \nco-£-W-¯n-sâbpw A\p-`-h-¯n-sâbpw shfn-¨-¯n P·w \ÂInb Nn´-bpsS cq]-am-Ip-¶p. AXn-\m Hcp kaq-l-¯nsâ XXz-Nn-´bpw kmaq-ln-I-t_m-[-\hpw PohnX ho£-Whpw a\-kn-em-¡m³ klm-b-I-am-hp¶ \mS³ hm§va-b-cq-]-§-fmbn Ch- \½psS]mc-¼cy kwkvIm-c¯n \ne-bp-d-¸n-¡p¶p. ]mc-¼-cy-¯n \n¶v Hcp P\X CS-dp-t¼mÄ AXn-te¡v hen-¨-Sp-¸n-¡p-¶Xv C¯cw ]g-s©m-Ãp-I-fm-Wv. Npcp-¡-¯n `qX-Im-em-\p-`-h-¯nsâ Bg-§-fn thcq-¶nb kmaq-lym-\p-`-h-§-fpsS ]n³_-e-t¯m-sS, khn-tij PohnX kml-N-cys¯ hni-Z-am-¡m³ GsX-¦nepw Hcp hyàn \S-¯p¶ {ia-amWv ]g-s©m-Ãv.

IS-¦-Y-IÄ

{]mà\ P\-k-aq-l-¯sâ \nco-£W ]mS-h-¯n\v sXfn-hmWv IS-¦-Y-IÄ. GXp hkvXp-hn-s\bpw k¦-ev]-i-àn-sIm­v asämcp hn[-¯n ImWp-hm³ a\p-jy\v Ign-bp¶p F¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wnh. “s]s«¶v D¯cw Is­-¯m³ Ign-bm-¯Xpw Aev]w Nn´n-¨m kq£-vamÀ°w {Kln-¡m-hp-¶-h-bp-amb Hcp-Xcw KqVmÀ° hmIy-§-fmWv IS-¦-Y-IÄ”6

\nXy-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« hnj-b-§-fmWv IS-¦-Y-bn {]mtbW ImWp-¶-Xv. cq]-]-c-ambn IS-¦-Y-IÄ¡v ]g-s©m-Ãp-I-fp-ambn kmay-ap-­v. IS-¦Y apJy-ambpw Ip«n-I-fpsS hnt\m-Z-am-Wv. F¶m ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ {]mb-am-b-h-cpsS kw`m-j-W-¯n-emWv ISp-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. PnÚm-kbpw `mh-\bpw DWÀ¯p¶ IS-¦-Y-IÄ Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-hm-\pÅ Ignhv ]cn-an-X-am-sW-¦nepw Ah-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ]Ým-¯ew hn]p-ehpw sshhn-[y-amÀ¶-Xp-am-Wv.

\mS³]m-«p-IÄ

Hcp tZi-¯nsâ {]mà\ Pohn-Xs¯ `mh-\m-ß-I-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb hmsamgnhg-¡-amWv \mS³]m-«p-IÄ. IYm-Km-\-§-fmbpw \mtSm-Sn-Ko-X-§-fmbpw thÀ¯n-cn-bp¶ \mS³]m-«p-I-fpsS hn]p-e-amb tiJcw GXv P\-X-bp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI CuSp-sh-¸p-I-fn {][m-\-am-Wv. kpZoÀL-amb ]Zym-Jym\w \nÀh-ln-¡-s¸-Sp¶ IYm-Km-\-§-fn Hcp tZi-¯n-sâbpw Ahn-Sps¯ hoc-\m-b-I-·m-cp-sSbpw A\p-`-h-§fpw Pohn-Xhpw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. ]e-t¸mgpw C¯cw ]Zy-I-Y-IÄ Xs¶ t\mh-ensâ CXn-hr-¯-ambn IS-¶p-h-cmdp-­v.

BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä, hnizm-k-§Ä

Hmtcm Iq«m-bva-bp-sSbpw ]cn-tXm-h-Øbv¡pw temI-ho-£-W-¯n\pw A\p-k-cn¨v BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§fpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn¨v PohnX kµÀ`-§fpw D­m-hp-¶p. Hcp tZi-¯nse BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä asämcp tZi¯v D­m-h-W-sa-¶n-Ã. P\-\w, ac-Ww, ac-Wm\-´cIÀ½-§Ä, DÕ-h-§Ä, BtLm-j-§Ä, hnhm-lw, `£-W-{Iaw XpS-§n-bh Pohn-X-¯nsâ FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw Hmtcm {]tZ-is¯bpw P\-X hyXykvX BNm-c-a-cym-Z-IÄ \ne-\nÀ¯n-t¸m-cp-¶p.

“Hmtcm tZi-s¯bpw P\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v ]e-hn[w Pohn-X-{I-a§fpw hg-¡-§fpw hn[n \nb-a-§fpw \nb-{´-W-§fpw D­m-hp-¶p. hfsc {i²-tbmSpw \njvT-tbmSpw IqSn A\p-hÀ¯n¨p-h-cp¶ C¯cw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-fmWv A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä.”7 BhÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsS cqV-aq-e-am-Ip¶ C¯cw A\p-jvT-\-§-fmWv Hcp tZis¯ asämcp tZi¯p \n¶pw thÀ¯n-cn¨p \nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. A\p-jvTm-\-§-sfÃmw ]pcm-hr¯ _Ôn-X-am-Wv. ‘]pcm-hr-¯hpw A\p-jvTm-\hpw hyman{icq]-¯n IeÀ¶p-In-S-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. ]pcm-hr¯¯nsâ {Inbmwiw Xs¶-bmWv A\p-jvTm-\w.’8 \m«m-Nm-c-§Ä, hn[n-\n-b-a-§Ä, A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-“Hmtcm tZi-s¯bpw P\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v ]e-hn[w Pohn-X-{I-a§fpw hg-¡-§fpw hn[n \nb-a-§fpw \nb-{´-W-§fpw D­m-hp-¶p.

\m«m-Nm-c-§Ä, hn[n-\n-b-a-§Ä, A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶-h-bmWv hnizm-k-§Ä. C¶p \mw ImWp¶ Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-I-fpsS ]n¶n hnizm-k-¯n-tâ-Xmb henb Hcp temIw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-­v. aqÀ¯-amb Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-Isf \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶-Xn hnizm-k-¯n\v hen-sbmcp ]¦p-­v. Imcy-Im-c-W-_-Ô-¯n FÃm-än-s\bpw Dd-¸n¨v \nÀ¯pI a\p-jy-a-\-Ênsâ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. bpàn cln-X-ambn tXm¶m-hp¶ FÃm-än-s\bpw bpàn-bn _Ôn-¸n¨p \nÀ¯p-¶Xv a\p-jy-a-\-Ênse Nne hnizm-k-§-fm-Wv. ssZhw, hn[n, A\p-jvTm-\w, ]pcm-hr¯w F¶n-h-sbms¡ sN¿p¶ [À½w CXm-Wv. AXn-\m Hmtcm {]tZ-is¯ P\-X-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-¯nsâ ]n³_ew C¯cw hnizm-k-§-fm-Ip-¶p.

DÕ-h-§Ä BtLm-j-§Ä

Po-hn-X-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-ssIIyhpw Iq«m-bvabpw hnfn-¨-dn-bn-¡p-¶Xv AhÀ¡n-S-bn sIm­m-S-s¸-Sp¶ DÕ-h-§-fpw BtLm-j-§-fp-am-Wv. Hcp tZis¯ P\-§-fpsS aX-]-chpw ]ucm-Wn-I-hp-amb hnizm-k-§-fp-ambn C¯cw DÕ-hm-tLm-jmZn-IÄ _Ô-s¸-«p-In-S-¡p-¶p. AXn-\m Hcp {]tZ-i-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw `uXnI-hp-amb Pohn-Xs¯¡pdn¨p a\-Ên-em-¡m³ DÕ-hm-tLm-jm-Zn-IÄXs¯¡pdn¨p a\-Ên-em-¡m³ DÕ-hm-tLm-jm-Zn-IÄ ]cym-]vX-am-Ip-¶p. ImÀjnI PohnX kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«pw, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Â, hnizm-k-§Ä F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«pw sIm­m-S-s¸-Sp¶ C¯cw DÕ-h-§fpw BtLm-j-§fpw P\-X-bpsS Ip«mb Pohn-Xs¯ hf-sc-b-[nIw _e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

t\mh-ep-I-fn {]mtZ-in-IX F¶pw Hcp A\n-hmcy LS-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jy-cpsS hnImc hnNm-c-§Ä Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w Xs¶, Hcp tZi-¯n-sâtbm hn`m-K-¯n-sâtbm {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v t\mh-en-Ìp-IÄ {]mtZ-in-I-Xsb Iq«p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶p. AXn-\m Hcp Iq«m-bva-bpsS Pohn-Xs¯ apt¶m«p \bn-¡p¶ {]mtZ-inI kwkvIr-Xn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« sFXn-ly-§Ä, ]pcm-hr-¯-§Ä, IY-IÄ, HmÀa-IÄ, ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ, IS-¦-Y-IÄ, \mS³]m-«p-IÄ, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä, hnizm-k-§Ä, DÕ-h-§Ä, BtLm-j-§Ä F¶o LS-I-§-sfÃmw t\mh cN-\-sb F¶pw kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p.

{]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS Nph-Sp-sh-bv¸p-IÄ

a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ k¦oÀ®-amb `mK-t[-bs¯ hnim-e-amb Iym³hm-kn ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ kmln-Xy-cq-]-amWv t\mhÂ. kmaq-ly-amb ]cn-hÀ¯-\§fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Adnhv X§sf kw_-Ôn¨ ]pXnb Xncn-¨-dn-hmbn amdp-t¼mÄ Fgp-¯p-Im-c\v AXv kzXz-t_m-[hpw kzXz-{]-Im-i-\-hp-ambn amdp-¶p. Xt±-iob Úm\-hpw, BÀÖn-X-amb kwkvIm-chpw Xnc-kvI-cn-bv¡-s¸-Sp¶p F¶ Adn-hmWv Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ ssPho-I-amb Iem-t_m-[s¯ DWÀ¯p-¶-Xv. tKm{X kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS AS-bm-f-§Ä ]Xnª ]mc-¼-cys¯bpw kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw \nÀW-bn-¡p¶ IYm-Jym\ ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ AKm-[-amb Ie-h-d-I-fm-Im³ t\mh-ep-IÄ¡v Ign-ªn-«p-­v. Hmtcm Ime-L-«-¯n-sebpw P\-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ {]mtZ-inI kzXzw {]Im-in-X-am-Ip¶ Ht«sd t\mh-epIÄ ae-bm-f-¯n D­m-bn-«p-­v.

{]mtZ-inIXþ-B-Zy-Ime t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ

ae-bmf t\mh-ensâ ]qÀÆ-L-«-¯n A¸p s\Sp-§mSn-bp-sS Ipµ-e-Xbpw, H. N´p-ta-t\msâ Cµp-te-Jbpw, kn.-hn. cma³]n-Å-bpsS [À½-cm-P-bp-saÃmw ]mc-¼-cy-þ-\m-tSmSn an¯p-I-fpsS \nc-h[n cq]-§-fpsS k¦-e-\-am-Ip-¶p. ae-bm-f-¯-\n-abpw kwkvIm-chpw {]I-S-am-¡p¶ BZys¯ e£-W-bp-à-amb t\mh-emb Cµp-te-J-bn tZi-kw-kvIr-Xn-sb At§-bäw hni-Z-am¡p-¶p­v. a²yXncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ Hcp {]tXyI kap-Zm-b-¡m-cp-sS-bn-S-bn {]I-S-amb `mj, kwkvIm-cw, Pohn-X-ssi-en, hnizm-k-§Ä, BNm-c-§Ä F¶n-h-sbÃmw Cµp-te-J-bn {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p-­v. Ime-tZi ]cn-tXm-h-Ø-IÄ¡v A\p-k-c-W-ambn a\p-jyÀ¡p-­m-Ip¶ am\-knI`mh-X-e-§Ä kq£va-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ Hcp P\-X-bpsS ]mc-¼cy kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw N´p-ta-t\m³ Cµp-te-J-bn shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ `qX-Ime Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw ]Ým-¯-e-am¡ns¡m­v kn.-hn. cNn¨ t\mh-ep-I-fmWv aÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ½, [À½-cm-P, cma-cm-P-_-l-ZqÀ XpS-§n-b-h. tZiw, hÀKw, kwkvIm-cw, kz`m-hw, `mj, thjw, BNmcw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ {]mtZ-in-I-amb FÃm LS-I-§fpw kn.-hn.-bpsS t\mh-ep-I-fn Zriy-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-­v. ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-sâbpw \mtSmSn an¯p-I-fp-sSbpw cN-\m-ß-I-amb tNÀ¨ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ asämcp t\mh-emWv A¸³ X¼p-cm³ cNn¨ ZqX-cm-bÀ.

 

{]mtZ-in-IXþ\thm-°m\ t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ

{]mtZ-in-I-Xbv¡v Kuc-h-{]-[m-\-amb kao-]-\hpw sshhn-[yhpw ssIh-cp-¶Xv \thm°m\ t\mh-ep-I-fneqsS-bm-Wv. CXn-lm-k-¯n \n¶pÅ an¯p-IÄ, ]mc-¼-cyw, kmap-Zm-bn-Iþ\m-tSmSn ]pcm-hr-¯-§Ä, Øe-þ-]p-cm-hr-¯-§Ä, cmjv{Sob ]pcm-hr-¯-§Ä F¶n-h-sbÃmw \thm-°m\ Zi-bn ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Cu a®n ]nd¶ a\p-jy³, Cu a®nsâ `mj-bnÂ, kwkvIm-c-¯n \n¶p-sIm­p Xs¶ Chn-Sps¯ P\-§-fpsS Pohn-X-th-Z-\-Ifpw {]iv\-§fpw {]Xo-£-Ifpw ssIImcyw sN¿-W-sa¶ t_m[w Fgp-¯p-Im-cn \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ Hcp Ime-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. km{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ hnj-¸-Ãp-IÄ C´y³ P\-X-bn-tebv¡v Bgv¶n-d-§p¶ Ht«sd {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ t\cn-«-t¸mgpw Xsâ a®nsâ NqSpw NpWbpw hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m¯ Fgp-¯p-Im-cn {][m-\-s¸-«-hÀ Fkv.-sI. s]msä-¡m-Sv, XI-gn, _joÀ, Ddq_v XpS-§n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p.

Hcp tZi-¯nsâ apgp-h³ Nn{Xhpw t\mh-en hc¨p ImWn¨p Xcp¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv Fkv.-sI. s]msä-¡m-Sv. Hcp {]mtZ-inI P\-X-bpsS IpSn-tbä Pohn-X-¯nsâ IY-bm-Wv Fkv.sI.bpsS hnjI-\yI F¶ t\mhÂ. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn \n¶pw hb-\m-«n-te¡v IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¡p-Ibpw AhsS ImSp-sh-«n-s¯-fn¨v Irjn-sNbvXv {]Ir-Xn-tbmSv aÃn«v Pohn-¡p¶ HcpIq«w IÀj-I-cpsS Pohn-X-amWv CXn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶Xv. tImgn-t¡mSv tZi-¯nsâ AIhpw ]pdhpw bYmÀ°-ambn hc-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p¶ Fkv.-sI.-bpsS asämcp t\mh-emWv Hcp tZi-¯nsâ IY. Fkv.-sI. s]msä-¡m-Snsâ kzXzmwiw Aen-ªp-tNÀ¶n-«p-Å, {io[-c³ F¶ apJy IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâNn´-\§-fn-eqsS Dcp-¯n-cn-ªp-h-cp¶ AXn-cm-Wn-¸m-S-¯n-sâbpw {io[-c-sâbpw IY-bmWv Hcp tZi-¯nsâ IY. tXm«q-fn-¸mSw F¶ \maw \evIn Xsâbpw Xm\p-ambn ssPh-]-c-ambn _Ô-s¸« AXn-cm-Wn-¸m-Ss¯ P\-§-fp-sSbpw IY, Xncn-ªp-t\m-«-¯n-sâbpw ]p\-c-h-tem-I-\-¯n-sâbpw amXr-I-bn hnh-cn-¡p-I-bmWv Fkv.-sI. s]msä-¡mSv Cu t\mh-enÂ. t\mh-se-gp-¯p-Im-c³ Xs¶-bmWv hàm-sh-¦nepw hyàn-I-fp-ambpw kw`-h-§-fp-ambpw t\cnt«m AÃm-sXtbm _Ô-s¸-Sp¶ {io[-c³ F¶ apJy-I-Ym-]m{Xhpw Cu t\mh-en-ep-­v.

Xm³ P\n-¨p- h-fÀ¶ Ip«-\mSpw Ahn-Sps¯ Irjn-¡mcpw IÀj-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw km[m-cW a\p-jy-cp-am-bn-cp¶p F¶pw XIgnbpsS cN-\-bnse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. Xr¡p-¶-¸p-g, ]pd-¡mSv IS-¸p-d-§-fnse ap¡phIpSn-ep-I-fnse PohnX Ne-\-§Ä H¸n-sb-Sp-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv XI-gn-bpsS sN½o³ F¶ t\mhÂ. hmsamgnhg-¡- ]mc¼cy-¯n-sâbpw tZi-kvar-Xn-I-fp-tSbpw NnÓ-§Ä F¶pw XI-gn-bpsS IrXn-I-fnse apJ-ap-{Z-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Be-¸p-g-bnse tXm«n sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS IZ-\-I-Y-bmWv tXm«n-bpsS aI-\n XIgn BhnjvIcn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ip«-\m-S³ a®nsâ ]in-abpw hocyhpw Dįn-§nb c­n-S-§gn IÀjI sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä BJym\w sN¿p¶ BZys¯ ae-bmf t\mh-em-Ip-¶p.

ØeIme-§Ä F¶pw t\mh-ensâ apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn I­v ]¨-bmb Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä t\mh-en-te¡p ]IÀ¯nb Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv _joÀ. Xsâ \mSpw Ahn-Sps¯ P\-§fpw hoSpw ho«p-Imcpw Ah-cp-sS-sbÃmw A\p-`-h-§fpw AS-§nb Hcp temI-¯mWv _jo-dnsâ kÀK-ssh-`hw hfÀ¶p-h-¶-Xv. \m«p-h-g-¡-§fpw BNm-c-§fpw hnizm-k-§fpw {]mtZ-in-I-amb `mjbpw Ip«n-¡-eÀ¯n, AsXmcp A\ÀL-amb A\p-`-h-am-¡n-¯-cp¶p _joÀ. aXn-ep-IÄ, ]m¯p-½-bpsS BSv, _mey-Im-e-k-Jn, â¸q-¸m-s¡m-cm-t\-­mÀ¶v XpS-§nb IrXn-IÄ CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-§-fmWv.

kmaq-lnI Ne-\-§Ä hn]p-e-amb Iym³hm-kn `mh-kp-`-K-am¡n Bhn-jvI-cn¨ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv Ddq-_v. a\p-jy- {]IrXnbpsS `n¶-X-e-§Ä kv]Àin-s¨-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ tZi¯nsâ \ndª km¶n[yw At±-l-¯nsâ t\mh-ep-I-fn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p. amb-sâbpw D½m-¨p-hn-sâbpw {]Wbw Bhn-jvI-cn-¨t¸mÄ Hcp {]tZ-is¯ c­p Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS IY-bmWv D½m¨p F¶ t\mh-en-eqsS Ddq_v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. ae-_m-dnse kwLÀjm-ß-I-amb kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-amWv kpµ-c-·mcpw kpµ-cn-Ifpw F¶ t\mhÂ. kaq-l-s¯bpw tZi-s¯bpw a\p-jy-tcm-sSm¸w IYm-]m-{X-am-¡n-bmWv Ddq_v Cu t\mh cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX-Xv. 1921þse ae-_mÀ Iem]w apX kzmX-{´-e_v[n hsc-bpÅ Ime-L« Nn{Xo-I-cWw Cu t\mh-en-ep-­v. sam¯-¯n ae-_m-dnse P\-§-fpsS kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-¯n Ccp-]Xmw iX-I-¯nsâ ]qÀÆmÀ²-¯n-ep-­mb auenI ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä Cu IrXn A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶p.

{]mtZ-inIX B[p-\nI t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ

Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS D¯-cmÀ²-¯n-emWv t\mh ]pXn-sbmcp kc-Wn-bn-te¡p \o§n-b-Xv. \jvS-ambnsIm­n-cn-¡p¶ X\Xp kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS NnÓ-§sf X§-fpsS t\mh-en-te¡p {]Xn-^-e\w \S-¯n-b-h-cmWv C¡q-«À. Fw.-Sn., tImhn-e³, H.-hn. hnP-b³, ]p\-¯n Ipª-_vZp-Å, Fw. apIp-µ³, bp.-F. JmZÀ, ]n. hÕe XpS-§n-b-hÀ C¡q-«-¯n-epÄs¸-Sp-¶p. P\n¨ph-fÀ¶ a®nsâ ]mc-¼cyw Im¯p-kq-£n-¡m-\pÅhy{KX Ch-cpsS t\mh-ep-I-fpsS ASn-sbm-gp-¡m-bn-cp-¶p. ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-sâbpw \mtSmSn an¯p-I-fp-sSbpw cN-\m-ß-I-amb tNÀ¨ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ cN-\-I-fmWv Akp-c-hn-¯v, X«-Iw, Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lm-kw, kvamc-I-in-e-IÄ, a¿-gn-¸p-g-bpsS Xoc-§-fnÂ, Xrt¡m-«qÀ s]cp-a, s\Ãv XpS-§n-b-h. sI.-sP. t__n-bpsS amth-en-a³dw \mtSmSnan¯v PohnXw Xs¶-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¡p¶ cmjv{Sob {]Ir-Xnsb shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

]mc-¼-cy-¯n-sâbpw {Kma-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw Dįp-Sn-¸n-Ipsf kz´w X«-I-am¡n Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ cN-\-I-fmWv Fw.-Sn.-bp-tS-Xv. hÅp-h-\m-Snsâ {]mtZ-inI kuµ-cyhpw kwkvIm-chpw Fw.-Sn.-bpsS t\mh-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv. \mtSmSn ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ Adn-hp-I-sfbpw A\p-`-h-§-sfbpw hnizm-k-§-sfbpw Iq«n-bn-W-¡nb Hcp t\mh-emWv Akp-c-hn-¯v. ]pXp-a-bpsS hÀ®-i-_-fna Xsâ Pohn-X-¯n-tebv¡pw ]mc-¼cy kwkvIr-Xn-bn-tebv¡pw ]IÀ¯m-\m-{K-ln-¡m¯ Hcp Iq«w IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv Cu t\mh-enÂ. kz´w kzXzm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv Cu t\mh-ense `mj-bnepw kwkvIm-c-¯nepw Fw.-Sn. \S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

ImÀjnI ^yqU IpSpw-_-§Ä¡n-S-bnse ià-amb hwi-kvar-Xnsb \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ Icp-¯pä cN-\-bmWv tImhn-esâ tXmä-§Ä. ]pcm-hr-¯-¯n\v ae-bmf¯nep-­mb iàn-bä IYm-]m-{X-¯n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv CXnse D®n-b-½. Hcp kv{Xolr-Z-bs¯ G¡msX t]mb `ÀXr-kz-cq]w ZpÀ_-e-X-bpsS ]cym-b-ambn amdn-b-t¸mÄ, Xm\m-{K-ln¨ ]pcp-js\ At_m-[-L-S-\-bn \ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m­v Xs¶ Icp-t¯-dnb ]nXr-kz-cq]s¯ Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-t¯msS HmÀ½n-s¨-Sp-¡-¶-Xn-eqsS D®n-b½ Pohn-¡p-¶p. t_m[-[mcm hnNn-´\w shdpw sshIm-cn-Ihpw GIm-ßI {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn `hn-¡msX Ncn-{X-s¯bpw hwi-]-g-a-sbbpw kv]Àin-¨p-sIm­v apt¶-dp¶p F¶-XmWv tXmä-§-fpsS cN-\m-I-cp-¯v. ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-sâbpw \mtSm-Sn-an-¯p-I-fpsSbpw k¦-e-\-am-WnXn \S-¡p-¶-Xv.

{KmaoW Øen-I-fn Aen-ªp-tNÀ¶n-«pÅ \m«p-P-\-X-bp-tS-Xmb ]pcm-hr-¯-§-fpw, hnizm-k-§-fpw, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fpw, sFXo-ly-§fpw \mSnsâ `qan-imkv{X khn-ti-j-Xbpw H¯n-W-§nb asämcp t\mh-emWv tImhn-esâ X«-Iw. Irjnbpw IÅp-sN¯pw If-cn-I-fp-ambn hf-cp¶ Hcp tIc-fob `qan-im-kv{X-s¯bpw AXnsâ AZriy \nb-a-§Ä a\p-jy-cn sNep-¯p¶ kzm[o-\-s¯bpw AhX-cn-¸n-¡p¶ t\mh-em-Wn-Xv. hnkvXr-X-amb Hcp `qanimkv{X-¯nse \nc-h[n IpSpw-_-§-fpsS IY-bn-eq-sS-bmWv t\mh-ensâ CXn-hr¯w hfÀ¶p hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. t\cn-s«mcp Øe-t¯¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw HmÀ½-I-fpsS Ime-¯n-te¡v ]nt¶m«p k©-cn-¨mWv At±lw Øem-Jym\w \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. HmÀ½-I-fm \nÀ½n-X-am-Ip¶ Hcp Øe-amWv X«-I-¯n-ep-Å-Xv.

Øew t\mh-en-ep-S-\ofw \ndªp \n¡p¶ km¶n-[y-amWv H.-hn. hnP-b-\v. Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lmkw F¶ t\mh-ense BZy hmN-I-¯n Xs¶ B Øe-hp-ambn tI{µ IYm-]m-{X-amb chn-bpsS Bß-_Ôw Ipdn-¡p-¶p-­v. AkvXn-Xz-hyY-I-fp-ambn hgn-b-¼-e-§Ä tXSn-bn-d-§nb chn HSp-hn Jkm-¡nsâ XW-en F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. sNX-en-a-e-bpsS ]Ým-¯-e-¯n \m«pImcy-Ø-·m-sc-t¸mse \mep `mK-t¯¡pw t]mIp¶ Nhn-«-Sn-¸m-X-I-fpw, ta¸p-d-t¯m-Spw, ]mS-§-fpw, Xma-c-¡p-fhpw, ]\-¦mSpw, NXp-¸p-I-fpw, ]Ån-¡m-Sp-apÅ Jkm-¡n Xsâ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v Poh³ \ÂIpI-bmWv H.-hn. hnP-b³.`q{]-Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw X½n-epÅ ]qÀÆ-P-·-_-Ôs¯¡pdn-¨pÅ k¦Â]hpw Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lm-k-¯nse Øe-ZÀi-\-¯n ImWmw. XXz-Nn-´-bpsS Ah-X-c-W-¯nepw hnP-b³ `q`m-K-Zr-iy-§sf D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Jkm¡v ]I-cp¶ \m«p-kw-kvIr-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v, A\p-`-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hn. cmP-Ir-jvW³ C§s\ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p;

“chn-bpsS a\-kn Du«n-bn Ip¶n³ sNcp-hn-epÅ Xsâ hoSv ]dp-Zokm \jvS-¯nsâ BÀ{Z-kvar-Xn-IÄ DWÀ¯p¶ Hcn-S-ambn Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ, kÔy-{]-`-bn ap§n-\n¡p¶ IS-temcw Im¯n-cn-¸n-sâbpw hnc-l-¯n-sâbpw a\p-jym-h-Ø-bpsS BXy-´n-I-amb Zpc-´-¯n-sâbpw Kw`oc [z\n-IÄ Bhm-ln-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ, Icn-¼-\-I-fpsS \o­ \nc AXncp Ipdn-¡p¶ apjn-¸³ cq]-¯n-epÅ ]me-¡m-S³ PoÀ®-X-bp-sSbpw Bßo-bmÀ°-¯n-epÅ ac-W-¯n-sâbpw kt¦-X-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p.”1

D¯-c-tI-c-f-¯nse apkvenw kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ Pohn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw CS-I-eÀ¯n-sb-gp-Xnb Hcp t\mh-emWv ]p\-¯n Ipª-_vZp-Å-bpsS kvamcI ine-IÄ. Ima-¯n-sâbpw ac-W-¯n-sâbpw an¯m-Ip¶p kvamcI ine-IÄ. Ime-¯nsâ cwK-th-Zn-bmbn tZis¯ ImWp¶ Cu t\mh-en a\p-jy-t_m[w \ho-I-cn¨v hn¹-h-¯nsâ ]mX- tX-Sn-t¸m-Ip¶ ]p¯³ Xe-ap-d-bvs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ sNdp-¯p-\n¸v ZÀin¡mw. AtXm-sSm¸w Hcp {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-¯nsâ kvarXn-ti-J-c-hp-amWv Cu t\mhÂ.

sshtZ-inI A[n-\n-th-ihpw AXnsâ A[n-Im-c-hy-h-Øbpw Hcp {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-¯n-ep-­m-¡p¶ sshIm-cn-I-amb amäw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ ae-bm-f-¯nse {it²-b-amb t\mh-emWv Fw. apIp-µsâ a¿-gn-¸p-g-bpsS Xoc-§-fn-Â. B t]cv hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse Ncn-{X-]-chpw bYmÀ°-hp-amb Hcp Øew Cu IrXn-bn-ep-­v. F¶mÂ, CsXmcp Ncn-{X- t\m-h-e-Ã. IYm-kw-`-h-s¯bpw IYm-]m-{X-§-sfbpw Hcp {]tXyI Øe-Ime]cn-[n-bn HXp-§p¶ kaq-l-t¯mSv _Ôn-¸n-¡m³ Iem-Im-c\v Ign-tb-­-Xp-­v F¶ k¦ev]w \½psS \thm-°m\ kmaqly t\mh-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-jX Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. XI-gn-bpsS IrXn-I-fnse Ip«-\mSpw s]msä-¡m-Snsâ AXn-cm-Wn-¸m-S-hpw, F³.-]n. apl-½-Znsâ F®-¸m-Shpw, bp.-F. JmZ-dnsâ Xrt¡m-«qcpw Hs¡ Cu AÀ°-¯n D]-k-aq-l-§-fpsS DZv{K-YnX PohnXLS-\sb kv]Àin-¡p-¶p.

apIp-µsâ a¿-gn-bm-Is« Hcp Iem-kr-jvSn-bv¡-Is¯ Øe-sa¶ \nebv¡v Ipsd-¡qSn hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. sshtZ-in-Im-[n-\n-th-i-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ChnSw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ t\cns\ Adn-ªn-«pÅ H¶m-Wv. IqSmsX hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯v \ne-\n¡p¶ Hcp Øe-hp-am-W-nXv. Ncn-{Xhpw ZÀi-\-hp-sam¶pw amän-\nÀ¯n {]Xn-jvTn-t¡­ Hcp ItemÂ]-¶-aà B[p-\nI t\mhenÂ. Hcp k¦c kwkvIm-c-¯n kwP-\n-bv¡-s¸-Sp¶ hnizm-k-§Ä, IY-IÄ, Pohn-X-s¸m-en-a-IÄ, am\p-jnI _Ô-§Ä F¶n-h-sbÃmw a\p-jy-`m-K-t[-b-hp-ambn _Ôn-¸n¨v ]p\x-kr-jvSn-bv¡-s¸-Sp¶p F¶-XmWv a¿-gn-¸p-g-bpsS Xoc-§-fn F¶ t\mh-ens\ {]mtZ-in-I-Xbv¡v DZm-l-c-W-am¡n¯oÀ¡p-¶-Xv.

tKm{X-Ø-en-Isf t\mh-en {]Xn-jvTn¨v Iogmf Øe-\nÀ½nXn \S-¯p¶ sI.-sP. t__n-bpsS amth-en-a³dw F¶ t\mh BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡v kz´-ambn Hcp Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw `mjbpw Pohn-X-hp-ap-s­¶v ka-Im-enI temI-¯n\p ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-¯p. X¼p-cm³ temI-¯nsâ k¦oÀ®-X-Ifpw Zpcn-X-§fpw XoÀ¯ k½À²-þ-kw-LÀj-§-fpsS Øe ]cn-k-c¯p \n¶pw kz]v\-`-cn-X-am-sbmcp ]qÀÆkm¦Â]nI Øe-t¯¡v AhÀ aS-§n-t¸m-Ip-¶p. X§Ä¡pw Hcp CS-ap-­m-bn-cp¶p F¶ Iogmf kvarXn-bpsS \nÀ½n-Xn-bmWv amth-en-a³dw.

Xrt¡m-«qÀ F¶ tZis¯ A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw hnizm-k-§fpw an¯p-Ifpw CS-I-eÀ¶ \mtSmSnPohn-X-amWv bp.-F. JmZ-dnsâ Xrt¡m-«qÀ s]cpa F¶ t\mh-en A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-¶-Xv. tZi-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS ap{Z-I-fmb an¯p-IÄ¡v hfsc {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-s¡m-­pÅ At²-l-¯nsâ asämcp t\mh-emWv AtLm-c-in-hw. ]´-em-bn\n {Kma-¯nse c­p Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-amWv Cu t\mh hc-¨p-Im-«p-¶-Xv.

Hcp P\-k-aq-l-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-¯nsâ ]pcm-hr-¯-§-fmWv an¯p-IÄ. kz´w a®nsâ \\-hn PohnXw s]men-¸n¨p sIm­p-h-cm-\pÅ Zmls¯ `mthm-Öz-e-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn¨ tkXp-hnsâ ]mÞ-h-]pcw F¶ t\mh Hcp an¯nsâ kz`mhw ssIsIm-Åp-¶p. tZi-¯n\pw kwkvIm-c-¯n\pw aqey-t_m-[-¯n\pw D­mIp¶ ]cn-hÀ¯\w Ncn-{X-t_m-[-t¯msS \nco-£n¨v cN\ \S-¯p¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bmWv kmdm-tPm-k-^v. \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS KXn-th-K-¯n AaÀ¶p-t]mb Hcp P\-X-bpsS Øe-Ime t]cp-Ifpw `mjbpw hos­-Sp-¡m-\pÅ {ia-amWv kmdm-tPm-k^v Aem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä F¶ t\mh-en \S-¯p-¶-Xv. A¡m-Z-an-¡v Ncn{XtcJ-I-fn-sem¶pw CSw In«msX t]mb tIm¡-©d F¶ \K-c-{]m-´-¯nsâ _lp-kz-c-X-bpÅ Hcp Ncn-{X-s¯-bmWv Cu t\mh-en tcJs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. XrÈqÀ \K-c-¯nsâ {]m´-{]-tZ-i-amb tIm¡m-©-d, \Kcw hf-cm³ XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ AXnsâapJy-[mcm kaq-l-§Ä ]pd-´-Ån-b-h-scm-s¡bpw tIm¡-©-d-bn CSw Is­-¯p-¶p. ao³ I¨-h-S-¡mÀ, Cd-¨n-sh-«p-ImÀ, Xc-Ip-ImÀ, thiy-IÄ, IÅ-·mÀ, tXm«n-IÄ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ {]m´-h-XvIrX kaqlw ]mÀ¡p¶ Hcp tZi-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-sa-gp-¯mWv Aem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä.

kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-Wm-a-¯nsâ hyXykvX apJ-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶ Atem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä F¶ t\mh-ensâ XpSÀ¨-bmWv ‘amäm-¯n-bnepw Zriy-am-Ip-¶Xv. Hcp P\-X-bpsS hnizm-k¯nepw BNm-c-¯nepw kw`-hn-¡p¶ ]cn-Wmaw hmsamgn kwkvIm-c-¯n \n¶pÅ ]n³hm-§-em-Wv. A[n-\n-th-i-¯m tZi-¯nsâ \m«-dn-hp-Ifpw hnizm-k-§fpw s]mbvt]m-Ip¶ Hc-hØ. C{]-Imcw Hcp tZi¯p kw`-hn-bv-¡p¶ hen-sbmcp amäs¯ Ipdn-¡p¶ t\mh-em-Ip¶p amäm-¯n.

\mtSmSnhg-¡-¯n-tâ-Xmb Hcp A´-co-£s¯ A\m-h-cWw sNbvXp-Im-Wn-¡p¶ Hcp t\mh-emWv F³. {]`m-I-csâ Xn¿qÀ tcJ-IÄ. tZi-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-sa-gp-¯mWv bYmÀ° t\mh Ft¶mÀ½n-¡p¶ Hcp t\mh-em-Wn-Xv. Bß-lXy sN¿p-¶-h-cp-sSbpw ImWm-X-mb-h-cp-sSbpw {Kma-sa¶ \nebv¡v {i²n-bv¡-s¸« Xn¿qÀ F¶ {Kma-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\m-Ip-I-bmWv t\mh-en-Ìv. {]mtZ-inI Øe-kz-Xzs¯ {Kmao-W-amb Hcp `mj-bn-eqsS At²lw {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶p. Xn¿q-cnsâ Hmtcm L«-¯n-ep-apÅ kmaq-ly-hy-h-Øsb kq£va-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p­v t\mh-enÂ. 1925þ t]meokv aÀ±-\-¯m kw`-hn¨ shtÅsâ acWw apX tZi¯v kw`-hn-¡p¶ Hmtcm kp{]-[m\ kw`-h-§fpw t\mh-en Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. tZio-bhpw A´ÀtZ-io-b-hp-amb {]iv\-§-fpsS A\p-c-W-§Ä Øe ]cn-k-c-§-fn-te-bv¡v F§ns\ hym]n-¡p¶p F¶v Is­¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ `qI-¼-am-]n-\n-bm-Ip¶p Cu t\mhÂ. 1925þ XpS-§n kzmX-{´-k-acw, I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n cq]o-I-c-Ww, C.-Fw.-F-kv. a{´n-k`, ASn-b-´n-cm-h-Ø, Atbm-²ym-kw-`hw F¶n-§s\ Hmtcm cmjv{Sob {]iv\-§-tfmSpw Xn¿qÀ F¶ tZis¯ P\-§-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw t\mh ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶p. H¸w \mtSm-Sn-¯-¯n-tâ-Xmb Hcp ka-{K-`m-h-hpw.

{]mtZ-inI Øe-\nÀ½n-Xn-bpsS cN-\-bv¡p-Zm-l-c-W-amb Hcp t\mh-e-mWv F³.-F-kv. am[-hsâ e´³_-t¯-cn-bn-se ep¯n-\n-b-IÄ. e´³_-t¯cn F¶ sNdpXp-cp¯nsâ Ncn{Xw sPko¡ F¶ s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS Bß-K-X-§-fn-eqsS NpcpÄ \nh-cp-I-bmWv Cu t\mh-enÂ. Npäpw shÅ-¯m Npä-s¸« B Xpcp-¯nse {][m\ Cd-¡p-aXn hkvXp Ncn-{X-am-Wv. Ime-¯nsâ Ips¯m-gp-¡nepw kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ Nne aqey-§Ä hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ ]mSp-s]-Sp¶ Hcp Iq«m-bvasb Cu t\mh-en ImWmw.

kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW³, sI.-]n. cma-\p-®n, Sn.-hn. sIm¨p-_m-h F¶n-h-cpsS t\mhep-I-fn-seÃmw Xs¶ tZikvarXn-I-fp-sSbpw ]mc-¼cy kwkvIm-c-¯n-sâbpw Dd-h-IÄ \ap-¡p- ZÀin-bv¡mw.

{]mtZ-inIXþD¯-cm-[p-\nI t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ

Fgp-¯p-Im-c³, hmb-\-¡m-c³, PohnX kml-N-cy-§Ä, Nn´m-[m-c-IÄ, A\p-`-h-§Ä F¶o hyXy-kX \nÀ½n-Xn-I-fn \n¶p-cp-¯n-cn-bp¶ Nn´-bpsS hyh-lm-c-amWv D¯-cm-[p-\nI kmln-Xyw. IpSpw-_w, kaq-lw, cmjv{Sw, kwkvImcw F¶o k¦Â]-§Ä¡v C¡q-«À ]pXnb am\w \ÂIp-I-bp-­m-bn. an¯p-I-sfbpw ]mc-¼-cy-s¯bpw ]p\ÀhyJym-\n-¨p. an¯p-I-fn \n¶p ]p\Àhym-Jym-\n¨ Hcp Ncn-{X-amWv Ch-cpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ. an¯p-IÄ sIm­p s]mXnª Ncn-{X-s¯-bm-Wn-hÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. B\-µnsâ tKmhÀ²sâ bm{X-IÄ F¶ t\mh CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

hÀ¯-am\ t\mh kmln-Xy-¯n \½psS {]tXyI {i²-bm-IÀjn¨ t\mh-emWv kn. Ajvd-^nsâ Nne hnip² P·-§-fpsS ]pcm-hr-¯-§Ä. a\p-jycpw, Poh-Pm-e-§fpw ISepw IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-Ip¶ Hcp IrXn Htc kabw hne-s¸« kmwkvImcnIm-\p-`-h-§-fp-sSbpw Bk-à-amb t`mK-Xm-f-§-fp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-amb ssPhoI hn\n-a-b-§-fp-sSbpw {Iam-ßI-amb t{]X-tem-I-§-fp-sSbpw hyXn-cn-à-amb `mjm {]tbm-K-§-fp-sSbpw kÀK-]qÀ®-amb ka-\z-b-am-Ip-¶p. Cu t\mh-ensâ tI{µ ]Ým-¯-e-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp¶ LS-I-§-fm-Wn-h-sb-Ãmw. \½psS kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS Dd-h-Isf apdpsI]nSn-¨p-sIm­v A[o-i-i-àn-Isf FXn-cn-Sp-I-bmWo t\mhÂ. \Zo-Xo-c-¯nsâbpw ]d-¦n-¡m-Sn-sâbpw Ncn-{X-hn-h-c-W-¯n Hcp sFXo-ly-¯n-sâbpw an¯n-sâbpw kz`mhw {]I-S-am-Wv. t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-sSbpw Sn¸p-hn-sâbpw IY ]d-bp-t¼mÄ, N{a-h-«w XncqÀ, s]m¶m\n F¶o tZi-§-fpsS {]kàn t\mh-enÌv {]tXyIw Cu t\mh-en AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-­v. kq£va-ambn \nco-£n-¨mÂ, B[p-\n-I-X-bm ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ aqey-§-fn-t·Â NXnbpw h©-\bpw A[o-izXhpw Øm]n¨ Hcp ]pXnb temI-¯nsâ Nn{X-amWv ka-Im-enI Fgp-¯p-ImÀ X§-fpsS IrXn-I-fn-eqsS {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶Xv F¶v \ap¡v Xncn-¨-dn-bm-\m-hpw.

{]mtZ-in-IX C¶pw t\mh-ensâ \ndª km¶n-²y-am-Wv. t\mh-ensâ Znim-K-Xn-bn Ime-§Ä ]n¶n-Sp-t¼mÄ ]pXnb CXn-hr-¯-§fpw ]pXnb Ah-X-cWcoXn-Ifpw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p-sh-¦nepw temtIm-¯c t\mh-ep-IÄ apX ae-bmf t\mh-ep-IÄ hsc t\mh-ensâ kzcq-]-L-S\ \nÀW-bn-¨p-sIm­v {]mtZ-inIX ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. Fgp-¯p-Im-c\pw Ahsâ kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-amWv CXnsâ ASn-Øm\w. t\mh-ensâ km¶n²yw hnfn-¨-dn-bn-¡m\pw Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ kmao-]yw Xncn-¨-dn-bm\pw Cu {]mtZ-in-IX klm-bn-¡p-¶p-­v.

ASn-¡p-dn-¸-v

1.      Fcp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ, ae-bmf kmlnXyw Ime-L-«-§-fn-eqsS. tIm«bw, Idâv _pIvkvþ2007 ]p. 309

2.     tUm. cmL-h³ ]¿-\mSv: t^mIvtemÀ, tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw 1997, ]p. 181

3.     A¸³ sI.-]n.: amdp¶ ae-bmf t\mhÂ, KuXa ]»n-t¡-j³kv 1988, ]p. 10

4.     ANyp-X³ Fw.: t\mh {]iv\-§fpw ]T-\-§fpw Fkv.-]n.Fkv.-F-kv. 1983, ]p. 10

5.     hnjvWp \¼q-Xncn Fw.-hn.: \mtSmSn hnÚm-\o-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw, BKÌv 2007, ]p. 227

6.     Fcp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ, ae-bmf kmlnXyw Ime-L-«-§-fn-eqsS. tIm«bw, Idâv _pIvkvþ2007 ]p. 237

7.     tUm. hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xncn Fw.-hn., \mtSmSn hnÚm-\o-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«bw, 2007 HmKÌv, ]p. 124

8.     A¿¸]Wn-¡À sI.: A\p-jvTm\ Ie-Ifpw ae-bmf ZriythZn-bpw, A¿¸]Wn-¡-cpsS teJ-\-§Ä 1985þ1980, Un.-kn.-_pIvkv, tIm«bw 1985. ]p. 207